Approaches to understand learning

Question 1

What is a behaviourist approach to learning?

Answer 1

Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior.

Question 2

What is Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning is a three phase, involuntary learning processes that occurs through involuntary repeated association of two or more stimuli. Learning is said to have occurred when a stimulus a response it didn’t originally elicit.

Question 3

Neutral Stimulus (NS)?

Answer 3

Any stimulus that doesn’t stimulate a response. It is neutral to the unconditioned response (UCR).

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

Any stimulus that constantly produces a particular naturally occurring, automatic response.

Question 5

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 5

A learned response that is produced by CS. It occur after repeated association between NS and UCS.

Question 6

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 6

The stimulus that was initially neutral, but eventually triggers a response similar to UCS.

Question 7

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 7

The response that occurs automatically when UCS is presented. It is a reflexive, involuntary response.

Question 8

What is before conditioning?

Answer 8

here, the UCS produces the UCR and the NS produces no response.

Question 9

What is during conditioning?

Answer 9

The NS is presented with the UCS to develop an association between the two.
The NS should be presented approximately half a second before UCS. a longer delay between the NS and the UCS may prevent classical conditioning from occurring.

Question 10

What is after conditioning?

Answer 10

After association with the UCS, the NS becomes the CS and produces a response similar to the UCR, which is known as the CR.

Question 11

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 11

Operant conditioning is a form of learning where the consequences of a particular response or behaviour determine the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated.

Question 12

What are the three phases of operant?

Answer 12

There’s a three-phase model is antecedent, behaviour, and consequence.

Question 12

What is antecedent?

Answer 12

Is the stimulus that comes before the operant response. It can be anything in an organism’s environment.

Question 12

What is the consequence?

Answer 12

To the operant response is what happens after the behaviour which will have an impact on whether the behaviour occurs again in the future. The consequence can either strengthen or weaken the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again.

Question 12

What is a behaviour?

Answer 12

The voluntary response that occurs when the stimulus is present.

Question 12

What does the term reinforcement refer to?

Answer 12

When stimuli encourages a behaviour due to a desirable consequence.

Question 12

What is positive punishment?

Answer 12

Is where a desirable stimulus is added in order to increase the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again.

Question 13

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 13

Is where an aversive stimulus is removed in order to increase the behaviour occurring again.

Question 14

What is punishment?

Answer 14

Punishment refers to the delivery of an unpleasant consequence or removal of a pleasant stimulus in order to weaken the probability of an behaviour occurring again.

Question 15

What is positive punishment?

Answer 15

Positive punishment is when an unpleasant stimulus is aded in order to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again.

Question 16

What is a negative punishment?

Answer 16

Also known as response cost is when a desirable stimulus is removed in order to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again.

Question 17

What is observational learning?

Answer 17

It is a social-cognitive process that occurs when someone watches a model’s actions and consequences to guide their future behaviour.

Question 18

What are key elements in observational learning?

Answer 18

Attention: when an individual actively focuses on a model’s behaviour whilst ignoring and therefore excluding all other stimuli.

Question 19

Second one?

Answer 19

Retention: the observer must store an accurate mental representation of the observed behaviour so that it may be reproduced when necessary.

Question 20

Third one?

Answer 20

Reproduction: the observer converts the mental representation into behaviour. To do this, they must have the ability to imitate the behaviour.

Question 21

Fourth one?

Answer 21

Motivation: the observer wants to reproduce the observed behaviour and perceives some benefit.

Question 22

Fifth one?

Answer 22

Reinforcement: induces the motivation to reproduce the observed behaviour, thereby increasing the likelihood of reproduction.

Question 23

How many types of reinforcement are there?

Answer 23

External reinforcement: reinforcement provided by another person such as a parent or experimenter
Vicarious reinforcement: occurs indirectly by observing a modelled behaviour being reinforced.
Self-reinforcement: reinforced by meeting standards we set for ourselves, such as fufilling a sense of pride.
Self efficacy: refers to our belief in our own abilities. An observer is more likely to imitate a model’s behaviour if they have low self-esteem.

Question 24

What is situated cognition?

Answer 24

Is a theory that emphasises the social nature of learning. It proposes that for learning to be effective, it should not be taught in a decontextualised manner. Instead, it emphasises that knowledge is situated in culture, context, and cognition, and the learner must be a member of this system for learning to occur.

Question 25

What are investigation methodologies?

Answer 25

Case study: studying things in real world
Classification and Identification: sorting ideas based on similarity
Controlled experiment: investigation into the relationship between an independent variable and dependant variable
Between subjects: allocates participate either in control or experiment
Within: one participant in both experimental and control
Mixed: Combo
Correlational study: examining variables that have not been controlled to see if a relationship exits
Fieldwork: observe a naturalistic setting in a controlled lab
Literature review: evaluating other people’s research

Question 26

What are sampling techniques?

Answer 26

Random sampling: every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Stratified sampling: sub-groups then selecting sample
Random-stratafied sampling

Question 27

What is an extraneous variable?

Answer 27

An external factors that could potentially affect the dependent variable.

Question 28

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 28

This is a factor which has influenced the DV and thus impacted the results of the study.

Question 29

What are 5 ethical concepts?

Answer 29

Beneficence, integrity, justice, non-maleficence, and respect.

Question 30

What are ethical guidelines?

Answer 30

Protection and security of participant rights, voluntary participation, informed consent, deception, confidentiality, debriefing, and withdrawal rights.

Question 31

Hypothesis form?

Answer 31

It is hypothesised that… will result in…