Approaches (P2) Flashcards
Describe psychosexual stages as outlined in the psychodynamic approach (6 marks)
1) There are 5 developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital)
2) Oral (0-1 yrs)- the focus of pleasure is the mouth and the mother’s breast is the focus of desire
3) Anal (1-3 yrs)- the focus of pleasure is the anus and the child focuses on withholding and expelling faeces
4) Phallic (3-5 yrs)- the focus of pleasure is the genitals and children experience the Oedipus/Electra complex
5) latency (6-12 yrs)- previous conflicts are resolved/repressed and early years are largely forgotten
6) genital (12 yrs/puberty-adulthood)- sexual desires become conscious with the onset of puberty
7) There is an unconscious conflict at each stage which must be resolved before the next stage is reached.
Apart from mediational processes, use your knowledge of social learning theory to explain Miss Honey and Mrs Wilson’s comments (6 marks)
1) Observational learning- both teachers’ comments suggests that they believe their behaviour will influence their students’ behaviour, eg, Miss Honey says, “I think it will inspire them to be more active themselves!”
2) Imitation- Mrs Wilson does not feel students will want to imitate her- “I think I may have put them off sport forever!”, whereas Miss Honey feels students will want to imitate her- “I think it will inspire them to be more active themselves!”
3) Modelling- the teachers will act as role models foe their students as they have higher status in the school.
4) Identification- students are more likely to identify with Miss Honey than Mrs Wilson as Mrs Wilson said to Miss Honey, “you’re young and the students like you”.
5) Vicarious reinforcement- when students see Miss Honey rewarded for adopting a more active lifestyle, eg, Miss Honey says, “I felt proud to win the staff step count challange and recieved the medal in assembly.” When students see Mrs Wilson “tripping over” in netball, they will not want to imitate her and so will not adopt a more active lifestyle.
Explain how mediational processes might be involved in making the students more active (4 marks)
1) Attention- students will notice their teachers demonstrating a more active lifestyle, eg. competitng in staff netball matches during break time.
2) Retention- students memories will be strengthened through seeing repetiton of the activities- eg. daily netball matches.
3) Reproduction- the active behaviours being modelled can be reproduced by the students, eg step count challange is a simple activity that requires little equiptment to perform.
4) Motivation- students are more likely to adopt the demonstrated active lifestyle if the perceived rewards (eg. winning the step count medal) outweigh any costs (eg tripping over in netball)
What is self- actualisation
Self- actualisation concerns psychological growth, fulfilment and satisfaction in life and is the final stage in Malsow’s hierarchy of needs
what are conditions of worth
constraints to an individual placed upon an individual by significant others that they deem necessary to gain positive regard (eg, parent only loves child if they do well at school/sport)
Strengths of the humanistic approach
1) Not reductionist- takes a holistic approach
2) Practical applications to therapy and counselling- Roger’s client centered therapy
Limitations of the humanistic approach
1) Lack of scientific methodology and unfalsifiable concepts
2) Cultural bias- ideas much more applicable to western and individualist cultures (freedom, autonomy personal growth) , whereas collectivist cultures focus on interdependence and the needs of the group. Thus humanistic psychology cannot be applied cross culturally.
Outline the way in which Pavlov studied classical conditioning (4 marks)
1) Pavlov’s theory involved learning via association, where two stimuli- a neutral and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired together, the neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that the unconditioned stimulus did alone.
2) Pavlov studied the salivation reflex in dogs, he paired the UCS of food, with the NS of a bell.
3) Eventually, the NS of the bell became associated with the unconditoned stimulus of food, which led to a conditoned response of salivation, which was the unconditioned response to the food.
4) Every time the dogs then heard the bell, they had the conditioned response of salivation, as they had learned to associate the bell with food, which produced the innate unconditioned response of salivation.
What is meant by ecological valdity (2 marks)
The extent to which behaviours observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in the real world.
Using your knowledge of genotype and phenotype explain Lily and Jemima’s comments (4 marks)
1) Lily and Jemima have identical genotypes (genotype refers to the genetic make-up of an individual)
2) Lily and Jemima do not have identical phenotypes (phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype and the environment)
3) Although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima may practice netball more or have started lessons earlier than Lily, these environmental factors make her better at netball.
4) Although Lily and Jemima have the same genes, Jemima might have a different skincare routine than Lily, these environmental factors make her skin clearer than Lily’s.
Use your knowledge of the two types of reinforcement to suggest how Lily and Jemima could train their rate to come to the cage door when they open it (6 marks)
1) Positive reinforcement- when Lily/Jemima open the cage door they can give the rat treats like chocolate drops for coming to the cage door when they open it. This will make the rat more likey to come to the door next time they open the cage.
2) Negative reinforcement- have something unpleasant like spraying the rat with water or playing loud music/alarm and then stop this when the rat comes to the door so that over time when they open the cage, the rat will be more likely to come to the door.
Determinism v free will in the humanistic v psychodynamic approach
The humanistic approach assumes people have free choice over their behaviour, whereas the psychodynamic approach assumes that behaviour is determined by unconscious factors (beyond conscious control)
Nature v nuture in the humanistic v psychodynamic approach
The humanistic approach assumes that behaviour is affected by desire to self-actualise (nature) and our experience of conditonal positive regard (nurture). Likewise, the psychodynamic approach assumes behaviour is driven by unconscious forces, eg id/ego/superego dynamics (nature) but our coping mechanisms such as defence mechanisms arise from experience (nurture).
Comparisons between the methodology of the humanistic and psychodynamic approaches
Both are much less scientific than other approaches ( but the psychodynamic approach assumes that some aspects of behaviour can be investigated scientifically)
Comparisons between therapies in the humanistic and psychodynamic approaches
Rogers believed that counselling (utilising uncondional positive regard) can be used to help clients solve their problems, overcome conditions of worth and enable their potential for self-actualisation, whereas Freud believed that psychoanalysis can lead to improvements in clients through psychotherapy.
