Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Key Terms > Approaches In Psychology Key Terms > Flashcards

Approaches In Psychology Key Terms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is psychology?

A

It is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is science?

A

A way to gain knowledge through systematic and objective investigation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is introspection?

A

It is the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind.

They did this by breaking up the conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the behaviourist approach?

A

A way of explaining behaviour through observing and learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association.

It occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together.

An unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral stimulus.

The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was produced by the unconditioned stimulus alone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

It is a form of learning where behaviour is changed due to its consequences

Consequences could include:

  • Positive reinforcement.
  • Negative reinforcement.
  • Punishment.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

It is a consequence of behaviour that increases the chance of a behaviour being repeated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the social learning theory?

A

It is a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is imitation?

A

Copying the behaviour of others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is identification?

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is modelling?

A

From observers perspective - modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model.

From the role models perspective - modelling is the demonstration of a behaviour that may be imitated by an observer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement which isn’t experienced directly but occurs due to seeing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mediational processes?

A

They are cognitive factors that influence learning.

They come between the stimulus and the response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

It is an approach that is focused on how our mental processes (e.g. thoughts, perceptions and attention) affect behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are internal mental processes?

A

They are private operations of the mind such as perception and attention.

They occur between stimulus and response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is scheme ?

A

It is a mental framework of believes and expectations that influence cognitive processing.

They are developed from experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is inference?

A

It is when cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

It is the scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

It is a perspective that emphasises be importance of physical processes in be body such as genetic inheritance and neural function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are genes?

A

They make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes the physical and physiological features of an organism.

Genes are inherited from parents to offspring.

21
Q

What is a biological structure?

A

It is an arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ,system or living thing.

22
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

It is related to the chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning.

23
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The particular set of genes that a person possesses.

24
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment.

25
Q

What is evolution?

A

It is the changes in inherited characteristics in a population over generations.

26
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

It is a perspective that describes the different forces that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience.

Most forces are unconscious.

27
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

It is the part of the mind that we are unaware of but continues to direct a lot of our behaviour in a certain way.

28
Q

What is the Id?

A

It is entirely unconscious.

It is made up of selfish and aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification.

29
Q

What is the Ego?

A

It is the ‘reality check’ that balances the conflicting demands of the Id and Superego.

30
Q

What is the Superego?

A

It is the moralistic part of our personality and represents the ideal self: how we should be.

31
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

They are unconscious strategies that the Ego uses to manage the conflict between the Id and Superego.

32
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

They are 5 developmental stages that all children pass through.

At each stage there is a different conflict where the outcome determines the future development of that child.

33
Q

What is the humanistic psychology approach?

A

It is an approach which emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self-determination.

34
Q

What is free will?

A

It is the idea that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces.

35
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

It is the desire to grow psychologically and fulfil your potential.

36
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

It is a five levelled hierarchical sequence in which basic needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved.

37
Q

What is self?

A

It is the ideas and values that characterise “I” and “me” and includes perception and valuing of “what I am” and “what I can do”.

38
Q

What is congruence?

A

It is the aim of the Rogerian therapy.

It is when the self concept and ideal self are seen to match.

39
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

It is when a parent places limits or boundaries on their love for their children.

40
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

It consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

41
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

It consists of the brain and spinal foes and is the origin of all complex commands and decisions.

42
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

It sends information to the CNS from the outside world.

It also transmits messages from the CNS to muscles and glands in the body.

43
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

It transmits information from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS.

It also receives information from the CNS that directs muscles to act.

44
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

It transmits information to and from the internal bodily organs.

It is autonomic as the system operates automatically.

It has two main divisions:

  • sympathetic.
  • parasympathetic.
45
Q

What is a neuron?

A

It is the basic building blocks of the nervous system.

Neurons are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals.

46
Q

What is the sensory neuron?

A

It carries messages from
The PNS to the CNS.

They have long dendrites and short axons.

47
Q

What is the relay neuron?

A

It connects the sensory neurons to the motor or other relay neurons.

They have short dendrites and short axons.

48
Q

What is the motor neuron?

A

It connects the CNS to the effectors such as muscles and glands.

They have short dendrites and long axons.

Psychology Key Terms (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions