Approaches definitions Flashcards
Classical conditioning
learning through association - shown the Pavlov’s dog study.
UCS —> UCR
UCS + NS
CS —> CR
Operant conditioning
;Learning from the consequences of actions.
Positive Reinforcement
Receiving a reward for a performed behaviour.
Negative Reinforcement
Avoiding or stopping something unpleasant from happening.
Punishment
Something unpleasant happening after performing a behaviour.
Generalisation
Applying learning to similar stimuli e.g. having phobias of similar things.
Discrimination
being able to distinguish between similar stimuli.
Extinction
when learning is lost/forgotten.
Social learning theory
Observation and imitation of role models.
Vicarious reinforcement
Observing the consequence that someone else receives.
Attention
the extent to which we notice a behaviour
Retention
how well a behaviour is remembered
Motor Reproduction
the ability to perform a behaviour
Motivation
the will to perform a behaviour, determined by consequences
Role model
a person who we look up to, admire and want to be like - similar powerful and nurturing
Identification
the process of selecting a role model
Information processing approach
input of sensory information —> sequences of mental processes —> perceptions memories and behaviours etc
Schemas
Packages of ideas developed through experience - mental framework to interpret incoming information
Cognitive Neuroscience
the study of how brain structures influence mental processes
Brain fingerprinting
computer generated models designed to read the brain
Neurochemistry
the actions of chemicals in the brain
Genotype
a person’s genetic make up
Phenotype
the way that gene are expressed through physical behavioural and psychological characteristics
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
Id
primitive part of personality that is present at birth - operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
works on the reality principle and mediates between the other two parts of the personality - develops at around age 2 during the anal stage
Superego
formed at the end of the phallic stage at around 5 years old - internalised sense of right and wrong based on the morality principle
Defence mechanisms
enable the ego to stop us being overwhelmed by threats or traumas - distortion of reality
Regression
engaging in behavioural characteristics of earlier developmental stages
Sublimation
expressing anxiety in socially acceptable ways
Self actualisation
the innate tendency to achieve our full potential - to become all we can possible be
State of incongruence
having too large a gap between self concept and our ideal self
Unconditional positive regard
Unconditional love
