Approaches definitions

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning through association - shown the Pavlov’s dog study.
UCS —> UCR
UCS + NS
CS —> CR

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

;Learning from the consequences of actions.

Question 3

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 3

Receiving a reward for a performed behaviour.

Question 4

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 4

Avoiding or stopping something unpleasant from happening.

Question 5

Punishment

Answer 5

Something unpleasant happening after performing a behaviour.

Question 6

Generalisation

Answer 6

Applying learning to similar stimuli e.g. having phobias of similar things.

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

being able to distinguish between similar stimuli.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

when learning is lost/forgotten.

Question 9

Social learning theory

Answer 9

Observation and imitation of role models.

Question 10

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 10

Observing the consequence that someone else receives.

Question 11

Attention

Answer 11

the extent to which we notice a behaviour

Question 12

Retention

Answer 12

how well a behaviour is remembered

Question 13

Motor Reproduction

Answer 13

the ability to perform a behaviour

Question 14

Motivation

Answer 14

the will to perform a behaviour, determined by consequences

Question 15

Role model

Answer 15

a person who we look up to, admire and want to be like - similar powerful and nurturing

Question 16

Identification

Answer 16

the process of selecting a role model

Question 17

Information processing approach

Answer 17

input of sensory information —> sequences of mental processes —> perceptions memories and behaviours etc

Question 18

Schemas

Answer 18

Packages of ideas developed through experience - mental framework to interpret incoming information

Question 19

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 19

the study of how brain structures influence mental processes

Question 20

Brain fingerprinting

Answer 20

computer generated models designed to read the brain

Question 21

Neurochemistry

Answer 21

the actions of chemicals in the brain

Question 22

Genotype

Answer 22

a person’s genetic make up

Question 23

Phenotype

Answer 23

the way that gene are expressed through physical behavioural and psychological characteristics

Question 24

Neurotransmitters

Answer 24

chemical messengers

Question 25

Id

Answer 25

primitive part of personality that is present at birth - operates on the pleasure principle

Question 26

Ego

Answer 26

works on the reality principle and mediates between the other two parts of the personality - develops at around age 2 during the anal stage

Question 27

Superego

Answer 27

formed at the end of the phallic stage at around 5 years old - internalised sense of right and wrong based on the morality principle

Question 28

Defence mechanisms

Answer 28

enable the ego to stop us being overwhelmed by threats or traumas - distortion of reality

Question 29

Regression

Answer 29

engaging in behavioural characteristics of earlier developmental stages

Question 30

Sublimation

Answer 30

expressing anxiety in socially acceptable ways

Question 31

Self actualisation

Answer 31

the innate tendency to achieve our full potential - to become all we can possible be

Question 32

State of incongruence

Answer 32

having too large a gap between self concept and our ideal self

Question 33

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 33

Unconditional love