Approaches AO3 Flashcards
Psychology
What are the 3 A03 of Behaviourism?
1.Well controlled research and CP
2. Real world application
3. Environmental determinism
Well controlled research and CP
STRENGTH
-focus on the measurement of observable behaviour within highly controlled lab settings
-break down behaviour into basic stimulus and response units, removing extraneous variables and allowing cause and effect.
-have scientific creditability
-has good reliability as experiments can be replicated
CP
-oversimplify learning process
-reducing behaviour to simple components and ignoring importance of mental processes
-learning is more complex than observable behaviour
-lacks validity as it ignores all human processes.
Real-world application (BA)
STRENGTH
-OC basis of token economy systems used in prisons and psychiatric wards. Rewarding behaviour with tokens which give priviledges
-CC applied to treat phobias such as systematic desensitisation
-increases value as it has widespread application
-has validity
Environmental Determinism
LIMITATION
-sees behaviour as conditioned by past conditioning experiences
-Ignores the possible influence that free will may have on behaviour
-belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment we cannot control
-extreme and ignores the influence of conscious decision making
-limited fails to consider on individual’s free will.
What are the 3 A03 of The Social learning theory?
1.Cognitive factors and CP
2.Contrived lab studies
3. Real world application
Cognitive factors and CP
STRENGTH
-CC + OC cannot offer adequate account of learning
-humans store information about behaviour of others and use this to make judgements about when it is appropriate to perform certain tasks
-SLT provides comprehensive explanation of human learning
- increases validity
CP
-SLT criticised for making too little reference to biological factors
- Recent research suggests that observational learning may be the result of mirror neurons which allow us to empathize and imitate other people
-biological influences on social learning are under emphasised
-SLT is limited
Contrived lab studies
LIMITATION
-Bandura’s ideas were developed through observation of young children’s behaviour in the lab
-contived nature where pps may respond to demand characteristics
-children were simply behaving in a way that they thought was expected
-decreases the reliability and validity of SLT
Real-world application(SLT)
STRENGTH
-applied to a rang of real world behaviours such as cultural differences in behaviours
-explains how cultural norms are transmitted
-toys= boys and dolls= girls
-increases value
-SLT has real life application
What are the 3 AO3 of The Psychodynamic approach?
- Real world application and CP
- Explanatory power
- Untestable concepts
Real world application and CP (PA)
STRENGTH
-introduced idea of psychotherapy
-Freud introduced psychoanalysis. First attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically
-range of techniques to access the unconscious mind
-brought repressed emotions into their conscious mind to be dealt with
-valuable as it created new approach to treatment
-has creditability
CP
-Psychoanalysis is regarded as inappropriate even harmful for people experiencing more serious mental disorders.
-SZ= paranoia and delusional thinking so cannot articulate their thoughts
-may not apply to all mental disorders
- cannot be used in real life and lacks validity as it fails to treat every mental illness
Explanatory power
STRENGTH
-ability to explain human behaviour
-huge influence on psychology and the western contemporary thought.
-alongside behaviourism, psychodynamic remained a key force of the 20th century
-used to explain phenomena- personality development, abnormal behaviour, moral development and gender identity
-positive impact on psychology and also literature,art and other human endeavours
-has validity as it can be applied beyond the psychology discipline
Untestable concepts
Limitation
-Popper argues that the psychodynamic approach does not meet the scientific criteria of falsification
-not open to empirical testing and cannot be disproved
-Freud’s concepts occur at the unconscious level so it is difficult or impossible to test
-ideas are based on a subjective study
-pseudoscientific (not real science)
-unreliable as concepts cannot be tested
What are the 3 AO3 of humanistic approach
- Holism and CP
- Positive approach
- Cultural bias
Holism and CP
STRENGTH
-rejects attempts to break up behaviour and experience into smaller components (reductionism)
-Behaviourism explain learning in terms of simple stimulus- response connections
Biological psyc reduce behaviour to its basic physiological processes
-Humanistic advocate holism- the idea that subjective experience can only be understood by considering the whole person
-validity than others as it consider meaningful human behaviour within its real world context
-good validity through subjective experiences it treats individuals
CP
-reductionist approaches are more scientific
-idea of science is the experiment and experiment reduce behaviour to independent and dependent variables.
-HA few concepts can be broken down to single variables
- unscientific as concepts such as self actualization cannot be measured
Positive approach
STRENGTH
-optimistic
-praised for promoting a positive image of the human condition
-Freud saw human beings as prisoners of their past
-in contrast humanistic psychologists see all people as basically good, free to work towards the achievement of their potential and in control of their lives
-offers a refreshing and optimistic alternative
- high credibility as it gives people hope
