Approaches

Question 1

Wundt was nicknamed?

Answer 1

The father of psychology

Question 2

Wundt started what kind of research?

Answer 2

Controlled empirical scientific research

Question 3

Wundt opened the first lab where>

Answer 3

Leipzig, Germany (1870)

Question 4

Wundt used …. (self examination)

Answer 4

Introspection, analysing your own conscious experience to standard stimuli.

Question 5

What was one of the standard stimuli Wundt used?

Answer 5

Metronome

Question 6

Using introspection Wundt would get you to report…

3 of them

Answer 6

Present experiences such as sensations, emotional reactions & mental images.

Question 7

Wundt also used a …….. approach

Answer 7

A systematic approach, same stimulus, surroundings & instructions.

Question 8

Wundts ppts were highly

Answer 8

trained.

Question 9

Wundt used a structural approach, this is when

Answer 9

You break thoughts about an object down into separate elements.

Question 10

What does the structural approach attempt to uncover..

Answer 10

Breaks down thoughts into separate elements in an attempt to uncover the structure of the mind.

Question 11

+ Wundt’s work paved the way for… in psychology

Answer 11

Wundt’s work paved the way for later scientifically controlled research in psychology.

Question 12

• What did behaviourist learning theory criticise about Wundt’s work later?

Answer 12

Behavioural learning theory thought internal mental processes could not be studied scientifically by introspection.

Question 13

• Behaviourists focused on…

Answer 13

Observable inputs (stimuli) & outputs (behaviours).

Question 14

• Behaviourists saw the mind as a

Answer 14

“black box”

Question 15

• The black box was not open to

Answer 15

not open to objective scientific investigation.

Question 16

+ Cognitive psychologists later continued the study of

Answer 16

Internal mental processes

Question 17

+ These cognitive psychologists built models of how systems such as

Answer 17

Of how systems such as memory worked

Question 18

• However, to build these models of how systems such as memory worked, cognitive psychologists used

Answer 18

Experimentation not introspection.

Question 19

The Behavioural approach was developed in an attempt to make psychology more

Answer 19

scientific

Question 20

The behavioural approach made psychology more scientific by using

Answer 20

using highly controlled experiments

Question 21

The behavioural approach criticised earlier attempts to study

Answer 21

internal mental processes (by Wundt)

Question 22

The behavioural approach saw the mind as a

Answer 22

“black box”

Question 23

Classical conditioning is learning by …

Answer 23

learning by association

Question 24

Classical conditioning states that learning happens when a neutral stimulus (NS) is constantly paired with

Answer 24

an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 25

Eventually, the NS becomes a

Answer 25

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 26

When the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus it produces the response caused by the

Answer 26

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 27

Pavlov demonstrated dogs who would associate the sound of a

Answer 27

bell of metronome (NS then CS)

Question 28

Dogs who would associate the sound of a bell or metronome, with a UCS such as ...

Answer 28

food.

Question 29

The dogs would start to .... when they heard the sound of a bell (CS)

Answer 29

drool (R- Response) to the CS.

Question 30

Stimulus generalisation is when

Answer 30

a conditioned stimulus-response happens with a similar stimulus.

Question 31

Examples of stimulus generalisation..

Answer 31

Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a white rat & became afraid of a dog, fur coat & Santa mask.

Question 32

Other stuff, other than the white rat little Albert feared was

Answer 32

a dog, a fur coat & Santa mask.

Question 33

Operant conditioning is

Answer 33

learning by trial and error.

Question 34

Operant conditioning is learning from the connection between

Answer 34

behaviours and consequences.

Question 35

Skinner demostrated operant conditioning in rats who learnt from trial and error. The rats would

Answer 35

pull of a lever which would release a food pellet.

Question 36

In skinner's experiment the pulling of the lever became

Answer 36

became more frequent & deliberate over time.

Question 37

What did the rats also learn in the Skinner operant conditioning experiment

Answer 37

They learnt to press the lever to stop the floor from being electrocuted for 30 seconds.

Question 38

Types of reinforcement are Positive:

Answer 38

Adding a stimulus to increase a behaviour.

Question 39

Types of reinforcement Negative:

Answer 39

Removing a stimulus to increase a behaviour.

Question 40

What is a punishment

Answer 40

A punishment is when you add a stimulus to decrease a behaviour.

Question 41

What is extinction?

Answer 41

Extinction is when you stop the reinforcement of a behaviour which will result in the behaviour stopping over time.

Question 42

+ Little Albert showed fear could be a learnt response suggesting not internal. This lead to the development of

Answer 42

Behavioural explanation & counter conditioning treatments for phobias.

Question 43

- Behavioural theories have been used in an attempt to control human behaviour aka ....

Answer 43

token economies, which can be seen as unethical.

Question 44

- Not free will, behaviours react from the environment which is

Answer 44

environmentally deterministic.

Question 45

+Behaviourists used objective....

Answer 45

scientific experimental methods

Question 46

- Research mainly done on animals therefore

Answer 46

the generalisation to human behaviour could be limited

Question 47

Social learning theory agrees with behaviourist ideas that behaviour results from

Answer 47

learnt experience.

Question 48

The social learning theory disagrees with the behaviourist approach of ignoring

Answer 48

internal mental processes - suggesting they must be present for learning.

Question 49

The social learning theory focuses on learning taking place in a

Answer 49

social context due to others behaviour.

Question 50

Imitation is when

Answer 50

others behaviour is observed,

Question 51

with imitation, if the behaviour is rewarded we are

Answer 51

more likely to reproduce the behaviour

Question 52

when a behaviour is rewarded & we are more likely to reproduce the behaviour is known as

Answer 52

vicarious reinforcement.

Question 53

if you are less likely to replicate the behaviour as you observe negative consequences it is known as

Answer 53

vicarious punishment

Question 54

Social learning theory modelling is when

Answer 54

others act as blueprints for our behaviour.. watching someone on tv who you like

Question 55

Social learning theory identification is when

Answer 55

there is a model with characteristics we relate to (e.g age gender .....)

Question 56

Social learning theory mediational processes are cognitive processes between

Answer 56

stimulus & response that influence likelihood of behaviour imitation.

Question 57

4 stages to SLT:

Answer 57

attention (see) retention (remember) motivation (want) reproduction(skill)

Question 58

Bandura study for SLT, used

Answer 58

72 3-5 year olds.

Question 59

Bandura matched children based on levels of

Answer 59

aggression

Question 60

( SLT BANDURA ) The groups of children watched videos of adults interacting

Answer 60

interacting aggressively or non- aggressively.

Question 61

Then given a bobo doll, children were matched on levels of

Answer 61

on level of aggression

Question 62

Bandura SLT found aggression was found

Answer 62

in the group who watched adults model aggression, other group was not aggressive.

Question 63

Bandura: the effect was stronger if the adult was the

Answer 63

the same gender as the child..

Question 64

if the effect was stronger if the adult was the same gender as the child it could suggest

Answer 64

imitation & identification.

Question 65

+ Banduras research used

Answer 65

controlled variables & demonstrated behaviour was imitated.

Question 66

-However a cause & effect relationship due to

Answer 66

imitation in real life examples of aggression is difficult to study.

Question 67

- Cogition used in SLT are not observable directly. Making SLT less

Answer 67

scientific than behaviourists who only study objective measurable stimulus response mechanisms.

Question 68

- SLT can only explain the development of

Answer 68

basic learnt behaviours (aggression)..

Question 69

-SLT can't explain more abstract concepts like

Answer 69

justice.

Question 70

-SLT sees behaviour as environmentally

Answer 70

determined (nurture), but some behaviours may be innate (nurture) & better explained by biological explanations or a combination of both factors.

Question 71

The cognitive approach is the result of conscious &

Answer 71

unconscious information processing (thoughts)

Question 72

Internal mental processes are a

Answer 72

series of stages of mental info processing

Question 73

These stages in internal mental processing are represented by cognitive theories as

Answer 73

theoretical models

Question 74

Theoretical models are

Answer 74

flow charts like those used by computer programmes showing how info flows & is processed in a mental system. such as memory (WMM/MMS) or attention.

Question 75

The models of wmm.msm produce theories testable by

Answer 75

experimentation.

Question 76

The cognitive approach suggests the brain can be viewed as similar to a

Answer 76

computer CPU

Question 77

The cognitive approach suggests the mind as the

Answer 77

software that runs on the CPU.

Question 78

Computers also have inputs like the brain has

Answer 78

senses.

Question 79

Computers also have outputs like

Answer 79

behaviours.

Question 80

The cognitive approach model of the computer is called the

Answer 80

The computer model.

Question 81

Role of schemas are

Answer 81

cognitive mental framework / blueprints of how people/objects work.

Question 82

Schemas are formed from prior experience, these organise large amounts of

Answer 82

large amounts of new information we experience every moment & make assumptions on how to behave & think.

Question 83

Incorrect schemas lead to

Answer 83

prejudice & bias.

Question 84

Inferences is when you

Answer 84

go beyond observed behaviour to make assumptions about the underlying structure of mental processes that result in the behaviour - used as internal mental processes cannot be directly observed.

Question 85

Emergence of cognitive neuroscience: The development of new

Answer 85

brain scanning techniques