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Psychology Paper 1 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Wundt was nicknamed?

A

The father of psychology

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2
Q

Wundt started what kind of research?

A

Controlled empirical scientific research

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3
Q

Wundt opened the first lab where>

A

Leipzig, Germany (1870)

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4
Q

Wundt used …. (self examination)

A

Introspection, analysing your own conscious experience to standard stimuli.

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5
Q

What was one of the standard stimuli Wundt used?

A

Metronome

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6
Q

Using introspection Wundt would get you to report…

3 of them

A

Present experiences such as sensations, emotional reactions & mental images.

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7
Q

Wundt also used a …….. approach

A

A systematic approach, same stimulus, surroundings & instructions.

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8
Q

Wundts ppts were highly

A

trained.

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9
Q

Wundt used a structural approach, this is when

A

You break thoughts about an object down into separate elements.

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10
Q

What does the structural approach attempt to uncover..

A

Breaks down thoughts into separate elements in an attempt to uncover the structure of the mind.

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11
Q

+ Wundt’s work paved the way for… in psychology

A

Wundt’s work paved the way for later scientifically controlled research in psychology.

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12
Q
  • What did behaviourist learning theory criticise about Wundt’s work later?
A

Behavioural learning theory thought internal mental processes could not be studied scientifically by introspection.

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13
Q
  • Behaviourists focused on…
A

Observable inputs (stimuli) & outputs (behaviours).

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14
Q
  • Behaviourists saw the mind as a
A

“black box”

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15
Q
  • The black box was not open to
A

not open to objective scientific investigation.

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16
Q

+ Cognitive psychologists later continued the study of

A

Internal mental processes

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17
Q

+ These cognitive psychologists built models of how systems such as

A

Of how systems such as memory worked

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18
Q
  • However, to build these models of how systems such as memory worked, cognitive psychologists used
A

Experimentation not introspection.

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19
Q

The Behavioural approach was developed in an attempt to make psychology more

A

scientific

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20
Q

The behavioural approach made psychology more scientific by using

A

using highly controlled experiments

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21
Q

The behavioural approach criticised earlier attempts to study

A

internal mental processes (by Wundt)

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22
Q

The behavioural approach saw the mind as a

A

“black box”

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23
Q

Classical conditioning is learning by …

A

learning by association

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24
Q

Classical conditioning states that learning happens when a neutral stimulus (NS) is constantly paired with

A

an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

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25
Q

Eventually, the NS becomes a

A

conditioned stimulus (CS).

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26
Q

When the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus it produces the response caused by the

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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27
Q

Pavlov demonstrated dogs who would associate the sound of a

A

bell of metronome (NS then CS)

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28
Q

Dogs who would associate the sound of a bell or metronome, with a UCS such as …

A

food.

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29
Q

The dogs would start to …. when they heard the sound of a bell (CS)

A

drool (R- Response) to the CS.

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30
Q

Stimulus generalisation is when

A

a conditioned stimulus-response happens with a similar stimulus.

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31
Q

Examples of stimulus generalisation..

A

Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a white rat & became afraid of a dog, fur coat & Santa mask.

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32
Q

Other stuff, other than the white rat little Albert feared was

A

a dog, a fur coat & Santa mask.

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33
Q

Operant conditioning is

A

learning by trial and error.

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34
Q

Operant conditioning is learning from the connection between

A

behaviours and consequences.

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35
Q

Skinner demostrated operant conditioning in rats who learnt from trial and error. The rats would

A

pull of a lever which would release a food pellet.

36
Q

In skinner’s experiment the pulling of the lever became

A

became more frequent & deliberate over time.

37
Q

What did the rats also learn in the Skinner operant conditioning experiment

A

They learnt to press the lever to stop the floor from being electrocuted for 30 seconds.

38
Q

Types of reinforcement are

Positive:

A

Adding a stimulus to increase a behaviour.

39
Q

Types of reinforcement

Negative:

A

Removing a stimulus to increase a behaviour.

40
Q

What is a punishment

A

A punishment is when you add a stimulus to decrease a behaviour.

41
Q

What is extinction?

A

Extinction is when you stop the reinforcement of a behaviour which will result in the behaviour stopping over time.

42
Q

+ Little Albert showed fear could be a learnt response suggesting not internal. This lead to the development of

A

Behavioural explanation & counter conditioning treatments for phobias.

43
Q
  • Behavioural theories have been used in an attempt to control human behaviour aka ….
A

token economies, which can be seen as unethical.

44
Q
  • Not free will, behaviours react from the environment which is
A

environmentally deterministic.

45
Q

+Behaviourists used objective….

A

scientific experimental methods

46
Q
  • Research mainly done on animals therefore
A

the generalisation to human behaviour could be limited

47
Q

Social learning theory agrees with behaviourist ideas that behaviour results from

A

learnt experience.

48
Q

The social learning theory disagrees with the behaviourist approach of ignoring

A

internal mental processes - suggesting they must be present for learning.

49
Q

The social learning theory focuses on learning taking place in a

A

social context due to others behaviour.

50
Q

Imitation is when

A

others behaviour is observed,

51
Q

with imitation, if the behaviour is rewarded we are

A

more likely to reproduce the behaviour

52
Q

when a behaviour is rewarded & we are more likely to reproduce the behaviour is known as

A

vicarious reinforcement.

53
Q

if you are less likely to replicate the behaviour as you observe negative consequences it is known as

A

vicarious punishment

54
Q

Social learning theory modelling is when

A

others act as blueprints for our behaviour.. watching someone on tv who you like

55
Q

Social learning theory identification is when

A

there is a model with characteristics we relate to (e.g age gender …..)

56
Q

Social learning theory mediational processes are cognitive processes between

A

stimulus & response that influence likelihood of behaviour imitation.

57
Q

4 stages to SLT:

A

attention (see)

retention (remember)

motivation (want)

reproduction(skill)

58
Q

Bandura study for SLT, used

A

72 3-5 year olds.

59
Q

Bandura matched children based on levels of

A

aggression

60
Q

( SLT BANDURA ) The groups of children watched videos of adults interacting

A

interacting aggressively or non- aggressively.

61
Q

Then given a bobo doll, children were matched on levels of

A

on level of aggression

62
Q

Bandura SLT found aggression was found

A

in the group who watched adults model aggression, other group was not aggressive.

63
Q

Bandura: the effect was stronger if the adult was the

A

the same gender as the child..

64
Q

if the effect was stronger if the adult was the same gender as the child it could suggest

A

imitation & identification.

65
Q

+ Banduras research used

A

controlled variables & demonstrated behaviour was imitated.

66
Q

-However a cause & effect relationship due to

A

imitation in real life examples of aggression is difficult to study.

67
Q
  • Cogition used in SLT are not observable directly. Making SLT less
A

scientific than behaviourists who only study objective measurable stimulus response mechanisms.

68
Q
  • SLT can only explain the development of
A

basic learnt behaviours (aggression)..

69
Q

-SLT can’t explain more abstract concepts like

A

justice.

70
Q

-SLT sees behaviour as environmentally

A

determined (nurture), but some behaviours may be innate (nurture) & better explained by biological explanations or a combination of both factors.

71
Q

The cognitive approach is the result of conscious &

A

unconscious information processing (thoughts)

72
Q

Internal mental processes are a

A

series of stages of mental info processing

73
Q

These stages in internal mental processing are represented by cognitive theories as

A

theoretical models

74
Q

Theoretical models are

A

flow charts like those used by computer programmes showing how info flows & is processed in a mental system. such as memory (WMM/MMS) or attention.

75
Q

The models of wmm.msm produce theories testable by

A

experimentation.

76
Q

The cognitive approach suggests the brain can be viewed as similar to a

A

computer CPU

77
Q

The cognitive approach suggests the mind as the

A

software that runs on the CPU.

78
Q

Computers also have inputs like the brain has

A

senses.

79
Q

Computers also have outputs like

A

behaviours.

80
Q

The cognitive approach model of the computer is called the

A

The computer model.

81
Q

Role of schemas are

A

cognitive mental framework / blueprints of how people/objects work.

82
Q

Schemas are formed from prior experience, these organise large amounts of

A

large amounts of new information we experience every moment & make assumptions on how to behave & think.

83
Q

Incorrect schemas lead to

A

prejudice & bias.

84
Q

Inferences is when you

A

go beyond observed behaviour to make assumptions about the underlying structure of mental processes that result in the behaviour - used as internal mental processes cannot be directly observed.

85
Q

Emergence of cognitive neuroscience: The development of new

A

brain scanning techniques

Psychology Paper 1 (2 decks)

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