Approaches Flashcards
What are the defence mechanisms the ego uses
Repression = forcing a distressing memory out of the mind Denial = refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality Displacement = transferring feelings from the true source onto a substitute target
What does the humanistic approach believe everyone wants to do
Achieve their full potential through achieving self-actualisation
What are the two parts to the nervous system
Central nervous system
- brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system
- sends information to CNS from outside world
What is excitation and inhibition
Excitation
- a neurotransmitter increases the positive charge of the post-synaptic neuron (eg adrenaline)
- more likely to fire
Inhibition
- a neurotransmitter increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron (eg serotonin)
- less likely to fire
What does the humanistic approach say about humans
We are all unique
We have free will
We should be viewed holistically
Evaluation of behaviourist approach
+ scientific credibility
+ real-life application (token economy in prisons)
- use of enigmas (ethical issues)
What did Freud say about the stages of childhood
Each stage is marked by a conflict that’s needs resolving to move on pro the next one
Any stage where it is not resolved leads to fixation where the child carries certain behaviours through to adult life
What does the humanistic approach say are the barriers to self-actualisation and how they’re overcome
Self-congruence
- Rogers argued for personal growth to be achieved, ones concept of themselves must be equivalent to their ideal self.
- if the gap is too big, one will experience incongruency
Counselling therapy
- therapist should provide clients with unconditional positive regard that they hadn’t received as a child (genuineness, empathy)
- the client should discover their own solutions
- aim to increase the persons feeling of self worth
Which approaches are reductionist and which are holistic
Reductionist = biological, cognitive, behaviourist Both = psychodynamic Holistic = humanistic
Explain classical conditioning in the behaviourist approach
Pavlov
- learning through association
- used dogs to condition salivation to the sound of a bell by pairing it with food.
Explain the biological approach
Genetics = behavioural characteristics are inherited the same as physical ones.
Twin studies are used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates (the extent to which they share the same characteristics)
Explain Bandura’s study and the social learning theory
1961
- recorded behaviour of children who watched an adult behave in an aggressive way to a bobo doll
- they were then observed playing with lots of toys including the bobo doll and they behaved much more aggressively toward the bobo doll.
1963
- showed children adults being aggressive to a bobo doll
- one group = adults praised (showed more aggression)
- second group = adults punished (showed least aggression)
- control group = no punishment (mixed aggression)
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages of childhood
Oral (0-1) = focus of pleasure is mouth - breast feeding
consequence - oral fixation = smoking, biting nails, critical
Anal (1-3) = focus of pleasure is anus
consequence - anal retentive = perfectionist, anal expulsive = messy
Phallic (3-5) = focus of pleasure on genitals
Boys - Oedipus complex = attracted to mother, jealous of father
Girls - Electra complex = attracted to father, jealous of mother
consequence - phallic personality = narcissistic, reckless, homosexual
Latency = sexual drives inactive
Genital = sexual drives conscious alongside puberty
consequence - difficulty forming relationships
Which approaches use scientific methods and which don’t
Scientific = biological, behaviourist, cognitive Non-scientific = psychodynamic, humanistic
Which approaches use extrapolation and which don’t
Extrapolate = behaviourist, biological
Mostly not = cognitive
No animals = humanistic, psychodynamic
