Approaches

Question 1

Behaviourist approach

Answer 1

Explains behaviour in terms of learning. Changed in behaviour caused by direct experience of environment. Classical and operant conditioning. Scientific. Does not discuss mental processes

Question 2

Biological approach

Answer 2

Explains behaviour through biological process e.g genes. Behaviour can be inherited, down to brain physiology or chemical imbalances.

Question 3

Cognitive approach

Answer 3

Experimental research methods to study internal mental processes e.g memory. Scientific. Humans viewed as data processing systems - minds encode and store info like computer.

Question 4

Congruence (humanistic)

Answer 4

View of ideal self and actual self and similar

Question 5

Definition of defence mechanisms

Answer 5

Unconscious strategies used by ego to manage anxiety by redirecting psychic energy

Question 6

Denial

Answer 6

Threatening thought ignored or treated as if not true

Question 7

Displacement

Answer 7

Emotions directed away from source towards something else

Question 8

Development age of ego

Answer 8

2-4 years old

Question 9

Emergence of cognitive neuroscience

Answer 9

Academic field that studies influence of brain structures on mental processing. Emergence occurred due to advances in brain imaging techniques

Question 10

Humanistic approach

Answer 10

Emphasise study of whole person, sees people as active in their own development. Every individual unique

Question 11

Id development age

Answer 11

Present at birth

Question 12

Inferences

Answer 12

Conclusions reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Question 13

Introspection

Answer 13

Observing and examining own conscious thoughts and emotions

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

Behaviour associated with consequence. Reinforcement makes behaviour more likely to occur, punishment makes it less likely to occur

Question 15

Repression

Answer 15

Burying an unpleasant thought in the unconscious

Question 16

Schemas

Answer 16

Cognitive frameworks that help us organise and interpret info. Developed through experiences

Question 17

Self actualisation

Answer 17

Final level of hierarchy of needs. Reaching full potential and becoming best version of yourself

Question 18

Social leaning theory

Answer 18

Learning through observation and imitation. Importance of environment but also of mental processes

Question 19

Superego development age

Answer 19

4-5 years old

Question 20

4 mediational processes

Answer 20

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation