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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the timeline of the origins of psychology

A

1879- Wundt opens first psych lab

1900- Freud and psychodynamic approach

1914- watson and skinner behaviourist approach

1950- maslow and the humanistic approach and later the cognitive approach

1960- bandura and social learning theory

1980- biological approach as there is an increase in technology

2000s- cog neuroscience

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2
Q

what are some key facts about Wilhelm wundt

A

known as father of psych

work marked as begginingd of scientific psychology

set up first psychology lab in germany

aim was to analyse nature of human consciousness

first systematic attempts to study mind under controlled conditions

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3
Q

what is introspection

A

examination of one’s thoughts

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4
Q

what is structuralism

A

isolation of the structure of consciousness

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5
Q

what is psychology

A

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions effecting behaviour in given context

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6
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of science

A

control
objectivity
replicability
empiricism

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7
Q

what are the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A

only interested in behaviour that can be observed and not mental processes

rejects introspection

maintenance of control and objectivity was important

belive that all behaviour is learnt and babies are born with a blank slate - basic processes are the same in all species

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8
Q

what is classical conditioning and what is the example of it

A

learning by association

when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together and neutral stimuli eventually produces same response that UCS did

Pavlov -
food (ucs) —> salivation (ucr)

bell(ns) —> no salivation

food and bell —> salivating

bell (cs) –> salivation (cr)

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9
Q

what is operant conditioning, pos negative reinforcement and what is the example of it

A

learning from consequence of our behaviour

pos reinforcement- reward as a positive consequence of action

neg reinforcement- removing something unpleasant as a positive consequence

punishment- negative consequence of an action

skinner-
placed rats into a cage and delivered food when lever pressed

rats quickly learnt

other variations where administered shock until button pressed (neg)

shock when button pressed (punishment)

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10
Q

what are the two types of conditioning

A

operant and classical

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11
Q

what are the strengths of the behaviourist approach

A

scientific (lab studies)
- can establish cause and effect
- high internal val and control
- eg pavlov and skinner
- contributed to the scientific credibility of psychology as a discipline

praccy app in phobias
-systematic desensitisation and flooding effectively reduce a range of phobias- by learning must be able to unlearn
- without behaviourist approach treatments would not exist
- has explanatory power used in real life

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12
Q

what is the negative of behaviourist approach

A

too simplistic
-reductionism - breaks down behaviour into simplistic form
- cog approach explains that behaviour involves more free will and conscious thought
- simple stimulus response may be too simplistic
- use of animals oversimplifies human behaviour

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13
Q

what was banduras research into social learning

A

bobo doll experiment
- to see the extent to which children would learn behaviour from adults and reproduce the behaviour

  • study A- recorded behaviour of children who watched adult behave aggressively towards dolls compared to those who didn’t
  • study B showed vids to the children where the adults were either praised or punished for actions

-study A- found that children who watched aggressive adults behaved aggressively compared to group that didn’t
-study B- when given the doll, children who watched praised were more aggressive

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14
Q

what is imitation

A

copying the behaviour of others and the way people learn from observation

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15
Q

what is identification

A

observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like them

more likely to happen if people are similar

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16
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

reinforcement not directly experienced but occurs through observing reinforcement of someone else

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17
Q

what is mediational processes and what are examples of them

A

cog factors that influence and come between the stimulus and response:
- attention- the extent to which we notice
-retention- how well behaviour is remembered
- reproduction- ability of observer to perform
- motivation- the will to perform (affected by if behaviour was punished or rewarded)

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18
Q

what are the positives of social learning theory

A

applied to a range of realy world behaviours
- modelling and imitation and reinforcement can be seen in everyday life
- it provides understanding for behaviours like criminal behaviour
- approach can account for real work behaviour making it increase in value

does take into account other factors
- mediational processes- retention is cognitive
- therefore is a more comprehensive explanation than others like behaviourist
- other approaches arguably too simplistic - credibility for being more comprehensive

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19
Q

what is the negative of the social learning theory

A

approach ignores explanations like biological
- genes and neurotransmitters could be cause of behaviour like aggressive traits may be inherited - MAOA gene
-other approaches or interactionist may be more useful

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20
Q

what is the cognitive approach based on and why ??

A

inference- processes are private and can not be observed so studied indirectly by making inferences and drawing conclusions

21
Q

what is the role of the schema in the cog approach

A

packages of idea and info developed through experience

act as a framework for interpretation of incoming info received by cog systems

helps respond to an object appropriately and quickly

22
Q

what is a theoretical model ?

A

abstract
eg information processing approach - suggests info flows through cog systems in a sequence of stages including input storage and retrieval like MSM

23
Q

what is the computer model

A

concrete
mind compared to a computer suggesting similarities in processing info concept of coding and use of stores to hold info

24
Q

what is the emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A

scientific study of the influence of the brain structures on mental processes

mapping brain structures on mental processes

advances in brain imaging

MRI and PET systematically observe and describe neurological basis of mental processes and disorders

25
Q

what are the strengths of the cognitive approach

A

uses objective and scientific methods
- highly controlled methods of study
- involves use of lab studies to produce reliable and objective data
- cognitive neuroscience allowed bio and cognitive to come together and enhances scientific măsea of study
- scientific credibility
However - relies on inference

real world application
- dominant approach today and applied to arrange of context
- Cognitive psychology has made important contribution to the field of AI and robots
- Also important for the treatment of disorders like depression

26
Q

what is the weakness of the cognitive approach

A

reductionist approach
- based on machine reductionism
- Although there are similarities between mind and machine processing, it ignores influence of human emotion and motivation
- This weakens validity

27
Q

What is the conscious mind in the psychodynamic approach

A

The part of our mind that we know about and are aware of

28
Q

what is the pre-conscious mind in a psychodynamic approach

A

Contains thoughts of memories that can be accessed

29
Q

what is the unconscious mind in the psychodynamic approach

A

Instincts that have an influence and threatening and disturbing memories that can be accessed only through sleep or the slip of the tongue like calling teacher mum

30
Q

What are the three different parts of personality in the psychodynamic approach

A

The ID - primitive- operates on pleasure principle and gets what it wants- the only one that’s present at birth and it is selfish and demands

Ego - reality principal mediator- develops around the age of 2 to reduce the conflict of the and super ego- uses defence mechanisms

Super ego - formed at end of stage
Age of five - sense of right and wrong- morality principle and it punishes that ego

31
Q

what is a defence mechanism and what are some examples

A

unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage conflict between id and super ego

  • denial- refusing to acknowledge some aspects of reality
  • displacement- transferring feelings from the true source to a substitute target
  • repression- forcing distressing memories out of the brain
32
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development and the characteristics for each

A
  • Oral- 0-1- focus of pleasure is the mouth and mother’s breast- oral fixation leads to smoking biting nails or being critical

anal- 1-3 - focus of pleasure is the anus - gets pleasure from holding in and letting go of poo - retentive ( perfectionist) expulsive ( messy)

  • phallic- 3-6years- focus is on genitals- phallic personality is reckless
  • latency - earlier conflicts repressed

genital- sexual desires become conscious after puberty
issues lead to difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

33
Q

What happens if there’s conflict in a stage of the psychosexual stages of development

A

Fixation on that stage

34
Q

what is a strength of the psychodynamic approach

A

Real world application
- Helped introduce the idea of psychotherapy
- Freud introduced Psycho analysis which is the first attempt of treating mental illnesses
- Has led to modern day talking therapies
- Explanatory power as it is used in real life and helps people with mental illnesses to manage condition

35
Q

What are the weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach

A

gender bias-
- Exaggerates the differences between men and women
- Freud argued femininity was failed masculinity
- Limitation as the research has historically led to justification for women occupying a subordinate position in the field field of psychology and society

lacks Scientific credibility-
- concepts and ideas are untestable
- Most ideas are at the unconscious level so not possible to measure or test as you can’t see it
- The subjective and bias and so are case studies
- Undermines features of science

36
Q

What are the main assumptions of the humanistic approach

A

people have free Will and can make choices and are not determined by inner forces

Psychology should be subjective experience not general laws

Hierarchy of needs - five levelled sequence which basic psychological needs must be satisfied for high needs self actualisation to be achieved

37
Q

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consist of and give examples of each

A

Physiological- food water breathing sex sleep

Safety - security of body employment resources family health property

Love and belonging - friendship family and sexual intimacy

Esteem - self-esteem confidence and respect

Self actualisation - morality creativity and acceptance

38
Q

What did Rogers suggest about the humanistic approach

A

if there is two of a big gap between self and ideal self will experience incongruence and self actualisation is not possible

congruence is when self and ideal self are the same or similar

Conditions of worth or when parents placed limits and boundaries on love

Client centred therapy closes the gap between the ideal self and actual self and therapists provide unconditional positive regard

39
Q

What is a strength of the humanistic approach

A

it is holistic
- Subjective experience by considering the person themselves
- Therefore rejects attempts to explain behaviour in small components and generalise it
- E.g. mental illnesses it takes all factors
- More understanding of individuals and their needs

40
Q

what are the weaknesses of the humanistic approach

A

Ethnocentric- based towards a single culture
- Ideas are associated with individualistic cultures
- Leads culture bias as collectivist cultures are wrongly judged and potentially negatively labelled based on westernised ideas

Not measurable concepts
- Lack of scientific credibility
- Difficult to get empirical evidence to support the claims
- to subjective and cannot operationalise
- Undermines the features of science

41
Q

what are the main assumptions of the biological approach

A

suggests everything psychological is at first biological

To understand human behaviour we must look into the biological structures and processes within the body

Behaviours have a physical basis

42
Q

What is concordance and discordance

A

concordance- extent to which twins share characteristics

Discordance - extent to which twins have different characteristics

43
Q

Why are twin studies used in the biological approach

A

to investigate whether certain psychological characteristics have a genetic basis

If genetic identical twins would be the same

44
Q

what are genes

A

make up chromosomes and consist of DNA

Codes physical features and psychological features

45
Q

What is the difference between genotypes and phenotypes

A

genotypes is the actual genetic make up

Phenotypes the way genes are expressed through physical behavioural and psychological characteristics

46
Q

What is evolution and behaviour in the biological approach

A

in the 19th century Charles Darwin proposed the theory to explain evolution

Natural selection is a genetically determined behaviour enhancing survival

Selection takes place naturally as the possessor is more likely to survive and reproduce and pass on traits

47
Q

What are the strengths of the biological approach

A

practical application in drug therapy
- Increased understanding of neuro chemical processes in the brain and use of drugs to treat these
- Knowledge of SERT gene creation and use of SSRI
- Has explanatory power and people with mental illnesses can better manage condition

Bio approach is scientific
- Clinical trials are high control- use of techniques like double blind for no bias
- High internal validity and less EVs
- Give psychology more scientific credibility

48
Q

What is the weakness of the biological approach

A

To deterministic
- human behaviour as governed by internal genetic with no control
- If we assume crime and violence is due to forces outside of control, how can people be responsible for actions
- Leads to issues with responsibility and not compatible with our justice system

psychology (W) (4 decks)

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