Approaches

Question 1

What is Wundts method of introspection

Answer 1

aims to investigate conscious, internal mental processes in order to establish scientific theories about how the mind works

Question 2

What is Wundts method of introspection based on

Answer 2

Based upon Wundts school of psychology known as ‘structuralism’. This is because it aims to analyse the individual events of conscious experience and how these elements combine to form our conscious experience

Question 3

What does Wundts method of introspection involve

Answer 3

Takes place in a controlled laboratory. Participants are presented with stimuli eg a metronome. Participants would be trained to objectively analyse their conscious experience of this stimulus by breaking it down into the sensations, perceptions, emotions etc. that the stimuli produced

Question 4

Give two limitations of wundts role in the emergence of psychology as a science

Answer 4

• criticised for being unscientific
• the study of internal mental processes was too subjective

Question 5

Give to strengths of Wundts role in the emergence as a science

Answer 5

• work led to positive, scientific advancement
• elements of introspections are still used in talking therapies

Question 6

What is the unconscious mind

Answer 6

The unconscious mind refers to the inaccessible part of the mind that we are not consciously aware of.

Question 7

What are the two examples of what is stored in the unconscious

Answer 7

1. Stores sexual and aggressive instincts and drives
2. Stores disturbing memories that have been repressed

Question 8

Why are things stored in the unconscious

Answer 8

So that we are not aware of them and we don’t remember them so they cannot cause distress upon us

Question 9

What is a strength of the unconscious

Answer 9

It leeds to practical applications for example psychoanalysis

Question 10

What is a limitation of the unconscious

Answer 10

It offered an unscientific explanations as it cannot be directly tested

Question 11

What does the psychosexual stages refer to

Answer 11

Refers to a series of five stages that children progress through to determine their adult personality

Question 12

How do you remmeber the series of psychosexual stages in the correct order

Answer 12

Old - Oral
Age- Anal
Pensioners- Phallic
Love- Latent
Guinness- Genital

Question 13

Describe the oral stage

Answer 13

From 0-1 years old. Sexual energy is centred on the mouth. The child gains pleasure from sucking, tasting and biting

Question 14

What are the consequences of the oral stage if fixated

Answer 14

Adult oral habits including smoking and biting one’s nails

Question 15

Describe the anal stage

Answer 15

From 1-3 years old. Sexual energy is centred around the anus. This means that the child gains pleasure from withholding and/or expelling faeces

Question 16

What are the consequences if fixated at anal stage

Answer 16

strict potty raining results in perfectionists personality
lenient potty training results in messy personality

Question 17

Describe the Phallic stage

Answer 17

Occurs during the 3-5 years old. Sexual energy is centred around the genital area. Boys experience the oedipus complex while girls experience experience electra complex

Question 18

What is the consequences if fixated in the phallic stage

Answer 18

Too much pleasure from the opposite sex parent in the stage could result in narcissism

Question 19

Describe the latent stage

Answer 19

Occurs during 6-12 years old. Precious conflict are repressed and early years are forgotten. No sexual energy at this stage

Question 20

Describe the Genital stage

Answer 20

occurs 12+ of age. sexual energy become conscious alongside puberty

Question 21

What are the consequences if fixated at the genital stage

Answer 21

Difficulty forming relationships

Question 22

Describe the oedipus complex

Answer 22

Boys develop an unconscious sexual drive towards their mother
Develop an aggresive drive towards their rival which is their father
Experience castration anxiety
Repress feelings for their mother and identify with their father
They therefore inferior and internalise their fathers genders role and moral values

Question 23

Describe the electra complex

Answer 23

Girls experience a penis envy and develop an unconscious sexual drive towards their father
Believe their mother had castrated them and develop an unconscious aggressive drive for their mother
Replace penis envy with desire for a baby
Identify and internalise with their mothers gender role and moral values

Question 24

Evaluate the role of the psychosexual stages in human behaviour

Answer 24

A strength is the evidence from the case study of little Hans
A limitation is that it lacks validity + difficult establish cause and effect between fixation and adult behaviour

Question 25

What are the 3 structures of personality
What principle is it based on
When is it formed
Is it conscious or unconscious

Answer 25

Id- Based on pleasure principle, formed from birth to 18 months, unconscious part of the mind

Ego- Based on reality principles, formed between 18 months to 3 years , conscious part of the mind

Superego- Morality principles, formed during phallic stage, in the conscious and unconscious part of the mind Ego

Question 26

Evaluate the structure of personality

Answer 26

A strength is it resulted in explanation for offending behaviours. A limitation is it offers an unscientific explanation

Question 27

What is a defence mechanism

Answer 27

They are uncouscious processes that are used when an individual is faced with a situation that their ego cannot rationally cope with

Question 28

What are the 3 types of defence mechanisms and explain them

Answer 28

Repression- when an individual buries an unpleasant memory
Denial- when an individual refuses to accept reality
Displacement- when an individual will take their emotions out on a substitute

Question 29

Evaluate the use of defence mechanisms

Answer 29

A strength is they have an intuitive appeal (most people can recognise their existence.
A limitation is it offers an unscientific explanation