Approaches Flashcards
(57 cards)
Rene Descartes said…
I think, therefore I am- the mind and body are seperate
John Locke discovered…
empiricism, behaviour can be observed and measured
Who opened the first psychology lab?
Wilhelm Wundt
What was Wundt’s aim?
To document and describe the nature of human consciousness.
How did Wundt achieve his aim?
-Broke down conscious thoughts into constituent parts- this was called structuralism, later known as introspection
What is empiricism?
The theory that all knowledge is based on experience gained from the senses
BEH- Assumption and how it is studied
-All behaviour is learnt
-All behaviour is observable and measurable behaviour
-mental processes are irrelevant
-Studies done in labs
BEH- What did John Watson say?
Baby’s mind= A blank slate
BEH- What are the two important forms of learning?
-Classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
BEH- Which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning? What was his assumption?
-Ivan Pavlov
-Learning via Association
BEH- What psychologist is associated with operant conditioning? What was his assumption?
-B.F Skinner
-Learning via consequences
BEH- Pavlov dog experiment
Proved that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the noise of a bell when the sound was repetatively played when they were given food
BEH- The Skinner Box
Each time a rat activated a lever, it was rewarded with food. The animal would then repeat this behaviour. This showed how rats and pigeons could learn to repeat a behaviour to avoid a consequence
BEH- What is positive reinforcement?
Reward/praise
BEH- What is negative reinforcement?
Avoiding/removing unpleasantness and rewarded via a positive experience
BEH- What is positive punishment?
An unpleasant consequence which involves the addition of something not enjoyable- e.g. given chores
BEH- What is a negative punishment?
An unpleasant consequence which involves the removal of something enjoyable- e.g. taking away phone
BEH- Little Albert experiment
-Used to research classical conditioning
-Repetatively presented Albert with loud bang when rat presented
-Led to a conditioned fear associated with the rat
-Grew a fear of anything furry
BEH- Classical conditioning- prior equation
UCS (food/rat) = UCR (Salivation/fear)
BEH- Classical conditioning- during equation
NS (bell/rat) + UCS (food/loud bang) = UCR (drool/fear)
BEH- Classical conditioning- after equation
CS (bell/rat) = CR (drool/fear)
BEH- What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
Ratio schedules involve reinforcement after a certain number of responses have been emitted e.g. reward every 3 times you clean you room
BEH- What is a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses e.g gambling
BEH- strengths [2]
-Based on controlled research therefore has scientific credibility
-Has widespread, real life application e.g. treat phobias via systematic desensitisation, institutions use token reward systems
