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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Rene Descartes said…

A

I think, therefore I am- the mind and body are seperate

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2
Q

John Locke discovered…

A

empiricism, behaviour can be observed and measured

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3
Q

Who opened the first psychology lab?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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4
Q

What was Wundt’s aim?

A

To document and describe the nature of human consciousness.

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5
Q

How did Wundt achieve his aim?

A

-Broke down conscious thoughts into constituent parts- this was called structuralism, later known as introspection

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6
Q

What is empiricism?

A

The theory that all knowledge is based on experience gained from the senses

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7
Q

BEH- Assumption and how it is studied

A

-All behaviour is learnt
-All behaviour is observable and measurable behaviour
-mental processes are irrelevant
-Studies done in labs

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8
Q

BEH- What did John Watson say?

A

Baby’s mind= A blank slate

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9
Q

BEH- What are the two important forms of learning?

A

-Classical conditioning
-operant conditioning

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10
Q

BEH- Which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning? What was his assumption?

A

-Ivan Pavlov
-Learning via Association

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11
Q

BEH- What psychologist is associated with operant conditioning? What was his assumption?

A

-B.F Skinner
-Learning via consequences

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12
Q

BEH- Pavlov dog experiment

A

Proved that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the noise of a bell when the sound was repetatively played when they were given food

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13
Q

BEH- The Skinner Box

A

Each time a rat activated a lever, it was rewarded with food. The animal would then repeat this behaviour. This showed how rats and pigeons could learn to repeat a behaviour to avoid a consequence

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14
Q

BEH- What is positive reinforcement?

A

Reward/praise

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15
Q

BEH- What is negative reinforcement?

A

Avoiding/removing unpleasantness and rewarded via a positive experience

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16
Q

BEH- What is positive punishment?

A

An unpleasant consequence which involves the addition of something not enjoyable- e.g. given chores

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17
Q

BEH- What is a negative punishment?

A

An unpleasant consequence which involves the removal of something enjoyable- e.g. taking away phone

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18
Q

BEH- Little Albert experiment

A

-Used to research classical conditioning
-Repetatively presented Albert with loud bang when rat presented
-Led to a conditioned fear associated with the rat
-Grew a fear of anything furry

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19
Q

BEH- Classical conditioning- prior equation

A

UCS (food/rat) = UCR (Salivation/fear)

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20
Q

BEH- Classical conditioning- during equation

A

NS (bell/rat) + UCS (food/loud bang) = UCR (drool/fear)

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21
Q

BEH- Classical conditioning- after equation

A

CS (bell/rat) = CR (drool/fear)

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22
Q

BEH- What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A

Ratio schedules involve reinforcement after a certain number of responses have been emitted e.g. reward every 3 times you clean you room

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23
Q

BEH- What is a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses e.g gambling

24
Q

BEH- strengths [2]

A

-Based on controlled research therefore has scientific credibility
-Has widespread, real life application e.g. treat phobias via systematic desensitisation, institutions use token reward systems

25
Q

BEH- limitations [3]

A

-Deterministic, Ignores influence of free will, “free will is an illusion” (Skinner)
-Reductionist, reduces behaviour to simple observable components
-Ethical issues surrounding animals used in The Skinner Box

26
Q

SLT- assumption

A

Learning occurs via observation and immitation- directly or indirectly

27
Q

BIO-What returns neurons back to the sending cell?

A

Reuptake transporters

28
Q

BIO- What are the two subsystems of the Nervous System?

A

-Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

29
Q

BIO- What two things is the CNS made of?

A

-Brain and spinal cord

30
Q

BIO- What is the brain split into and what is the outer layer called?

A

-2 hemispheres
-Cerebral cortex= only in mammals, 3mm thick

31
Q

BIO- What is the spinal cord responsible for? [3]

A

-Extension of the brain, responsible for reflexes
-Passes messages to and from the brain
-Connects nerves to the PNS

32
Q

BIO- What is the function of the Periphery Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Transmits messages via neurons to and from the CNS

33
Q

BIO- What is the PNS split?

A

-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

34
Q

BIO- What is the ANS responsible for?

A

Governs vital bodily functions e.g
-Breathing, digestion, heart rate, stress response, sexual arousal

35
Q

BIO- What is the Somatic NS responsible for?

A

Controls muscle movement
-Receives info from sensory receptors

36
Q

BIO- Fight or flight reaction order + acronym

A

HPA

Hypothalamus -> Pituitary gland- Adrenal glands

37
Q

BIO- What is the direction of conduction like in neurons?

A

Pseudo- unipolar

38
Q

BIO- What happens during the sympathetic state?

A

-Increased heart rate
-Increased breathing rate
-Dilated pupils
-Inhibited digestion
-Inhibited saliva production
-Contracted rectum

39
Q

BIO- What happens during the parasympathetic state?

A

-Decreased heart rate
-Decreased breathing rate
-Constricted pupils
-Stimulated digestion
-Stimulated saliva production
-Relaxed rectum

40
Q

BIO- What is the stress hormone?

A

-Cortisol

41
Q

BIO- What is the love/bonding hormone and when is it produced?

A

-oxytocin
-Released during sex and breastfeeding, childbirth

42
Q

BIO- What is the sleep hormone and where i it produced?

A

-Melatonin
-Pineal gland

43
Q

BIO- What is the function of the thymus?

A

-Resistance to disease

44
Q

BIO- What is a genotype?

A

Genetic make-up

45
Q

BIO- What is a phenotype?

A

Genes expressed via characteristics

46
Q

PSYCH- What is the Id?

A

Biological part, operates on pleasure principle- The Id gets what it wants

47
Q

PSYCH- What is the ego?

A

Reality principle, Psychological part, develops around the age of 2. reduces conflict between Id and superego- uses defence mechanisms

48
Q

PSYCH- What is the superego?

A

Morality principle, social part, formed at phallic stage (5 y.o)
Internal sense of right and wrong, responsible for guilt of ego

49
Q

PSYCH- What is the first stage:
- Age range
- Name
- What happens during stage
- What happens if conflict occurs

A
  • 0-1
  • oral stage
  • pleasure in mouth
  • oral fixation, smoking, biting nails etc
50
Q

PSYCH- What is the second stage:
- Age range
- Name
- What happens during stage
- What happens if conflict occurs

A
  • 1-3
  • Anal phase
  • Pleasure in anus
  • Anal retentive= obsessive, perfectionist
  • Anal expulsive= messy, thoughtless
51
Q

PSYCH- What is the third stage:
- Age range
- Name
- What happens during stage
- What happens if conflict occurs

A
  • 3-6
  • Phallic phase
  • Pleasure in genital area
  • Narcissistic, reckless
52
Q

PSYCH- What is the fourth stage:
- Name
- What happens during stage
- What happens if conflict occurs

A
  • Latency
  • Earlier conflicts repressed
53
Q

PSYCH- What is the fifth stage:
- Age range
- Name
- What happens during stage
- What happens if conflict occurs

A
  • Puberty and onwards
  • Genital stage
  • Sexual desire
  • Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
54
Q

PSYCH- What is the repression defence mechanism?

A

Forcing distressing memories out of conscious mind

55
Q

PSYCH- What is the denial defence mechanism?

A

Refusing to acknowledge reality

56
Q

PSYCH- What is the displacement defence mechanism?

A

Transferring distressing memories onto substitute target

57
Q
A

Psychology (5 decks)

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