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AQA A Level Psychology Paper 2 Revision 2024 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Wundt?

A

“The father of psychology” who opened the first psychology lab

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2
Q

What did Wundt pioneer?

A

Pioneered introspection, the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind

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3
Q

What was Wundts study?

A

Participants were given the same standardised instructions and a stimuli was presented to them in the same order

Participants were given a metronome and they would report their thoughts, images and sensations which were recorded

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4
Q

What did Wundt’s study of introspection lead to?

A

Led to identifying the structure of consciousness by breaking it up into the basic structures :
- Thoughts
- Images
- Sensations

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5
Q

What did Watson 1913 argue?

A

Introspection was subjective in that it is influenced by a personal perspective

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6
Q

What did Skinner 1953 argue?

A

Brought the language and rigour of the natural sciences into psychology

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7
Q

What is a strength of Wundt’s research?

A

Wundt’s work is scientific - Recorded in a controlled lab environment, Standardised his procedures

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8
Q

What is a limitation of Wundt’s research?

A

Subjective - Relied on self reporting private mental processes, cant be generalised

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9
Q

What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • Observable behaviour is all that needs to be studied
  • Use of controlled lab studies
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10
Q

What did Pavlov Research?

A

Classical conditioning - learning by association

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11
Q

What did Sinner research?

A

Operant conditioning - Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences

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12
Q

What was Pavlov’s procedure?

A

UCS –> UCR
food -> Salivation
NS –> No response
bell –> No response

NS + UCS
bell + food

CS –> CR
bell –> Salivation

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13
Q

What was Skinners procedure?

A

Rats placed in specially designed cages

When a rat activated a lever it was rewarded with a food pellet

A desirable consequence led to behaviour being repeated

If pulling the lever meant an animal wasn’t shocked the behaviour would also be repeated

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14
Q

What are the three types of consequences of behaviour identified by Skinner?

A

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Punishment

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15
Q

What is positive reinforcement as identified by Skinner?

A

Recieving a reward when behaviour is performed

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16
Q

What is negative reinforcement as identified by Skinner?

A

Avoiding something unpleasant when a behaviour is performed

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17
Q

What is punishment as identified by Skinner?

A

An unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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18
Q

What are some strengths of the behaviourist approach?

A

Uses well controlled research

Real world application - Tokon economy

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19
Q

What are some limitations of the behaviourist approach?

A

Oversimplifies learning and ignores important influences on behaviour

Environmental determinism - sees behaviour as determined by past experiences that have been conditioned and ignores any influence that free will may have on behaviour

Ignores cognitive aspects

Nature v Nurture - ignores biology

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20
Q

What are the key assumptions of the social learning theory?

A

Behaviour is learned from experiences through imitation and observations of others

21
Q

What did Bandura argue?

A

Children observe other peoples behaviour and take note of its consequences - behaviour that is seen to be rewarded is more likely to be copied (vicarious reinforcements)

22
Q

What are the four mediational processes in the SLT?

A

Attention - Behaviour is noticed
Retention - Behaviour is remembered
Motor reproduction - Being able to do it
Motivation - Will to perform the behaviour

23
Q

What is important in the SLT?

A

Identification with role models is important

24
Q

What was Bandura’s procedure?

A

Children watched two conditions
- Adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll
- Adult behaving non aggressively towards a Bobo doll

25
Q

What was Bandura and Walters procedure?

A

Children saw an adult who was :
- Rewarded
- Punished
- There was no consequence

26
Q

What did Bandura find?

A

Children who saw aggression were more likely to act aggressive toward the doll

27
Q

What did Bandura and Walters find?

A

Children who saw aggression rewarded were much more aggressive themselves

28
Q

What are some strengths of the social learning theory?

A

Emphasises the importance of cognitive factors

Real world application

29
Q

What are some limitations of the social learning theory?

A

Relies too heavily on evidence from contrived lab studies - DC

Ignores other factors

30
Q

What are the key assumptions of the cognitive factors?

A

Internal mental processes can be studied through inference

Schemas - Mental frameworks

Refers to the human mind in relation to computer models

31
Q

What are some strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

Scientific + objective

Real world application - CBT and Cognitive interview

32
Q

What are some limitations of the cognitive approach?

A

Machine reductionism

Artificial stimuli - lack external validity

33
Q

What are the key assumptions of the biological approach?

A

The mind and the body are one and the same

Twin studies

34
Q

What are some strengths of the biological approach?

A

Real world application - SSRIs

Uses scientific methods - FMRis

35
Q

What are some limitations of the biological approach?

A

Biological determinism

Deterministic

36
Q

What is a key assumption of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Behaviour is caused by unconscious forces that we cannot control

37
Q

What did Freud suggest?

A

The mind is made up three things :
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious

38
Q

What did Freud see the personality as?

A

Having three parts :
- Id - pleasure principle
- Ego - Reality principle
- Superego - Morality principle

39
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages determined by Freud?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

40
Q

What is the oral stage of the psychosexual stages?

A

0-1 years old
Pleasure focus = mouth

41
Q

What is the anal stage of the psychosexual stages?

A

1-3 years old
Pleasure focus = anus

42
Q

What is the phallic stage of the psychosexual stages?

A

3-6 years old
Pleasure focus = genital area

43
Q

What is the Latency stage of the psychosexual stages?

A

Earlier conflicts are repressed

44
Q

What is the genital stage of the psychosexual stages?

A

Sexual desires become conscious

45
Q

What is the oedipus complex?

A

Phallic stage - little boys develop feelings towards their mother and a murderous hatred for their father

Older boys repress their feelings and identify with their father taking on his gender role

Girls of the same age experience penis envy

46
Q

What are the defence mechanisms used by the ego to reduce anxiety?

A

Repression
Denial
Displacement

47
Q

What are some strengths of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Practical applications

Explanatory power

48
Q

What are some limitations of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Includes untestable concepts - unconscious concepts

Idiographic case studies

AQA A Level Psychology Paper 2 Revision 2024 (2 decks)

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