Approaches Flashcards
Define introspection
Breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures- thoughts, images and sensations
- first systematic attempt
Describe Wundt’s contribution
- standardised procedures
- recorded their experiences of various stimuli - divide observations into thoughts, images and sensations
=structuralism
Evaluate Wundt’s research
- high internal validity:
well-controlled and standardised and lab based - data subjective - self report used cannot be generalised
What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach
-observable+measurable behaviour
- rejected introspection
Too vague and difficult to measure
- lab studies for objectivity
-baby=blank slate - experience required
What is classical conditioning+supporting research
Learning by association. When 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together UCS and NS. NS eventually produces CR.
Pavlov’s dogs - salivate at the sound of a bell
What is operant conditioning+supporting research
Form of learning where behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences (positive, negative or punishment)
Skinner’s box
Define positive reinforcement
Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
Define negative reinforcement
Behaviour that avoids something unpleasant. Outcome is a positive experience
What is a punishment
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour
Outline skinner’s box
A-rats/pigeons activate lever/peck disc- rewarded with food pellet
B-same behaviour=electric shock
Evaluate the behaviourist approach
- well controlled research
High internal validity - oversimplified learning process- ignores thought
- token economy systems- RWA, Classical Conditioning in treatment of phobias
- ignores free will-behaviour shaped by past learning experiences
- ethical issues: Skinner’s box
What are the assumptions of SLT?
- behaviour learned through experience but through observation and imitation
- learning occurs directly and indirectly
Define vicarious reinforcement
Reinforcement which is not directly experiences but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
Outline the meditational processes
- Attention- extent to which we notice certain behaviours
- retention- how well the behaviour is remembered
- Motor reproduction- ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
- Motivation - the will to perform the behaviour (outcome)
What is identification (SLT)?
More likely to imitate people they identify with -role model
-called modelling
Role model=similar characteristics to observer, attractive+of a higher status
