approaches

Question 1

origins of psychology

who is wundt?

Answer 1

• father of psychology
• the first psychologist
• opened the first psychology lab 1879

Question 2

origins of psychology

what is introspection?

Answer 2

• aimed to used standardised methods to analyse human consciousness (introspection)
• he wanted to devlop
• to isolate the structure of consciousness is called structuralism

Question 3

origins of psychology

A03:

Answer 3

scientific:
- used standardised procedures in a controlled which led to more scientific approaches (behaviourism)

subjectivity:
- self reported data from pps is interpreted subjectively and do not know whether if it was reported accurately

Question 4

emergence of psychology as a science

1900s behaviourism:

Answer 4

• watson critised wundt for using subjective methods
• stated that only behaviour can be observed and measured
• uses well controlled lab studies

Question 5

emergence of psychology as a science

1950s cognitive approach:

Answer 5

• the introduction of computers led to psychology using theorertical models to explain the human mind
• focuses on the processing

Question 6

emergence of psychology as a science

1980s biological approach:

Answer 6

brain scans and DNA testing has made psychology more scientific by using empiriical data

Question 7

behaviourist approach

what are the assumptions?

Answer 7

• all behaviour is learnt
• only studies observable and measureable behaviour
• most research is conducted in controlled scientific labs
• born as blank slates (no genetic influence on our behaviour)

Question 8

behaviourist approach (classical conditioning)

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 8

behaviour that is learnt through association

Question 9

behaviourist approach (classical conditioning)

what was little alberts study?

Answer 9

classical conditioning (little albert):
- UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear)
- UCS (noise) + NS (rat) = UCR (fear)
- CS (rat) = CR (fear)

Question 10

behaviourist approach (operant conditioning)

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 10

anything to increase the likelyhood of behaviour being repeated by using consequenes that are pleasant when they happen

Question 11

behaviourist approach (operant conditioning)

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 11

anything to increase the likelyhood of behaviour being repeated by using consequenes that are pleasant when they stop

Question 12

behaviourist approach (operant conditioning)

what is punishment?

Answer 12

anything unpleasant to decrease the likelyhood of any undesired behaviour

Question 13

behaviourist approach

A03:

Answer 13

real world application:
- helps with treatmmentd for phobias

deterministic:
- skinner states free will is an illusion and everything we do is the sum of our reinforcement behaviour

animal research:
- a lot is conducted on animals suggesting its outdated and cannot be used to explain human behaviour

great validity:
- highly controlled as its usually conducted in labs and can be replicated

Question 14

social learning theory

what are the assumptions?

Answer 14

• based on classical and operant conditioning
• children learn vicariously by obeying the actions and behaviour of a role model adn then imitates them
• we are more likely to imitate prosocial behaviours and imitate those we indentify with (same sex)

Question 15

social learning theory

what are the mediational processes?

Answer 15

attention: paying attention to role model
retention: remember what they saw
motor reproduction: be physically capable of performing the behaviour
motivation: be motivated to perform behaviour

Question 16

social learning theory

what was banduras bobo doll study?

Answer 16

• children saw an adult (a role model) behave both verbally and physically agressive to the bobo doll
• found that children who saw the act were more agressive than those who didnt see the agressive model
• boys performed more agressively than girls

Question 17

social learning theory

A03:

Answer 17

generalisability:
- rarely investiage adult behaviours and only look at the immediete effects of childrens behaviour and not the long term.

innate:
- still sees behaviour as environmentally dtermined whereas some behaviours may be innate and not learnt

cognitive factors:
- gives a fuller explanation of human behaviour as it acknowldges cognitive factors

biological explanations:
- lavine found that high dopamine levels were associated with agression

Question 18

cognitive approach

what are the assumptions?

Answer 18

• though processes can and should be studied scientifically
• the mind works like a computer

Question 19

cognitive approach: schemas

what are schemas?

Answer 19

• mental framework of beliefs that are formed through experiences
• allow us to predict what may happen or be expected of us
• mental shortcuts which allows us to process lots of info quickly, can lead to distortions

Question 20

cognitive approach: computer models

what are theoretical models?

Answer 20

• looks at the multi-store model which is compared to a computer

input=SM
processing=STM
output=LTM

Question 21

cognitive approach: emergence of cognitive neuroscience

what is the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 21

• broca & wernickes
• phineas gage
• mcguire, FMRIs have been used

Question 22

cognitive approach:

A03:

Answer 22

over simplified:
- computer models oversimplify complex processes

ecological validity:
- most of it is conducted in a lab which argues it could be artificial

practical application:
- led to the development of CBT which is dhwon to be effective in treating different types of patients

Question 23

biological approach:

what are the assumptions?

Answer 23

• investigates how biological structures and processes within the body impacts behaviour
• genes affect behaviour and influence individual psychological differences between behaviour
• evoluntionary psychology considers genetic influences in common behaviours
• psychologists should study the brain , NS and other bio systems

Question 24

biological approach:

what is genotype?

Answer 24

actual set of genes an individual has or is made up of

Question 25

# biological approach: what is phenotype?

Answer 25

an individuals observed traits that come from an interaction of their genotype and the environment

Question 26

# biological approach: what are twin studies?

Answer 26

- to compare the concordance rate pf monozygotic to the concordance rate of dizygotic twins to estabilish of a trait or charateristics due to biological factors - monozygotics share 100% genes

Question 27

# biological approach: what is biochemistry?

Answer 27

- biochemical imbalances can change behaviour - overactive dopamine receptors play a role in schizophrenia - seratonin levels can have an impact on dpresseive disorders

Question 28

# biological approach: what is evolution?

Answer 28

- darwin would argue genes are inherited that aid survival (natural selection) - behaviours are genetically determined through genes and are passed on throughout generations

Question 29

# biological approach: A03:

Answer 29

reductionist: - accused of being to simplisitic and ignoring the role of the environment strong validty: - FMRIs and EEGs have improved our ability to see the biological components to behaviour real world application: - drug treatments such as SRRIs have been proven to be successful in many cases

Question 30

# psychodynamic approach what are the assumptions?

Answer 30

- unconscious processes of which we are unaware, determine our behaviour - personality has three parts: id, ego, superego - early childhood experiences determine adult personality

Question 31

# psychodynamic approach what is the tripartite personality?

Answer 31

id: - the primitive biological part of the mind and present from birth - consists of basic biological impulses or drives such as hunger ego: - mediates between the id/superego - develops around the age of 2 - tries to reduce conflict by using defence mechanisms known as the reality principle superego: - judges whether our actions are right or wrong - known as morality principle

Question 32

# psychodynamic approach what are the defence mechanisms?

Answer 32

repression: - pushing bad experiences or negative emotions out of the conscious into the unconscious displacement: - transferring your feelinfd onto something or someone else other tha nthe true source of stress denial: - refusing to accept that somehing has or will happen when it definetly will usually a reactoin to bad news

Question 33

# psychodynamic approach what are the psychosexual stages?

Answer 33

oral (0-1yrs): - focus of pleasure: mouth, mothers breast or bottle is desired - later developments: smoking, biting nails, sarcasm, critical anal (1-3yrs): - focus of pleasure: anus, reatining or expelling feces - later developments: obsessive and a perfectionist phallic (3-6yrs): - focus of pleasure: genital area, child experiences oedipus/electra complex - later developments: vain, narcissist, homosexual latency (6-12yrs): - focus of pleasure: no focus just social skills - later developments: expands social contacts genital (12+yrs): - focus of pleasure: genitals and become sexually intimate - later developments: difficulty in forming normal relationships

Question 34

# psychodynamic approach A03:

Answer 34

research support: - operationlised his theory from little hans study which demonstarted the oedipus complex psychic determinism: - introduced a range of therapies to help access the unconscious mind such as dream analysis abstract concepts: - cannot operationalise concepts such as displacement in a scientific way his theories are none falsefiable

Question 35

# humanistic approach what are the assumptions?

Answer 35

- people have free will and can make choices but are still affected by internal and external influences - act as interpreters of their own world - interpret subjective experiences rather than attempting to create general laws

Question 36

A03:

Answer 36

holistic: - not as deterministic as other theories as it is the idea that subjective experience can be understood by considering the whole person culture bias: - cannot be applied universally as self actualisation is more in the western cultures unrealistic: - fails to recognise that people have the capacity for self destruction