approaches Flashcards
banduras 4 mediational processes
attention- the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
retention- how well the behaviour is remembered
motor reproduction- the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
motivation- the will.
self actualisation
Achievement of the full potential
reductionist
only looking at 1 factor when explaining behaviour, disregarding the influence of any others
holistic
looking at all variables
schemas
- units of information that we use to understand the world around us
- they develop from experience and form our beliefs and expectations of the world around us
- allow us to process information quickly
determinism
humans have no control over the way they act or think. everything is caused by internal or external factors
abraham maslow
created hierarchy of needs
carl rogers
congruence
the selves
unconditional positive regards
negative punishment
something being taken away for doing something wrong
positive punishment
receiving something unpleasant for doing something wrong
negative reinforcement
removing something unpleasant and the outcome is positive
positive reinforcement
receiving a reward for doing a certain behaviour
introspection
refers to the process of observing and examining your own conscious thoughts or emotions in a systematic way
standardisation
the same standardised instructions that were issued to all participants, allowing procedures to be replicated every time
who was wundt
- opened first lab in germany
- “father of psychology”
- believed all aspects of nature can be studied scientifically
empirical methods
phenomena that can be observed and measured scientifically
systematic
acting according to a fixed plan or design
objective
basing findings on fact, not opinion
cartesian dualism
the idea that the brain is not the same as the mind
tripartite personality
id- pleasure principle
ego- reality principle
superego- morality principle
5 psycho sexual stages
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
oedipus complex
young boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mothers and a murderous hatred to their rival in love - their father
electra complex
young girls develop penis envy- they desire their father and hate their mother. they are thought to give up these feelings by replacing it with their desire to have babies
defence mechanisms
allows us to block out painful feelings after experiencing a trauma
3 ego defence mechanisms
repression , denial , displacement
defence mechanisms : displacement
using a substitute person or object for the expression of feelings
defence mechanisms : repression
forcing a hurtful memory or feeling out of the consciousness
defence mechanisms: denial
refusing to acknowledge certain aspects of reality
classical conditioning
behaviour is learnt via association
operant conditioning
behaviour is explained by a associating a consequence with a certain action
neutral stimulus
something in the environment that doesn’t cause a response
unconditioned stimulus
something in the environment that already causes us to respond in a certain way
tabula rosa
we are born as blank slates
serotonin
mood regulator
dopamine
drive and motivation levels
neuro chemistry
actions of chemicals in the brain
chemicals
neurotransmitters
monozygotic
one zygote - identical twins
dizygotic
two zygotes - non identical twins
vicarious reinforcement
reinforcement which occurs through observing someone else
nomothetic
concerned with establishing general laws based on the study of large groups of people
idiographic
focus on the individual and emphasise the unique personality and experience of human nature
assumption of behaviourist approach
we are born as blank slates
all behaviour is learned and any changes are a result of environmental factors
skinners rats
rats in a box with a lever that released food
rats learned this
some rats were shocked when pulled lever and learned to only do so when hungry
pavlovs dog
bell was rang when food was given
dog salivated when bell was rang
assumptions of biological approach
everything psychological is first biological
the mind lives in the brain
twin studies
analyses whether psychological characteristics are genetic via concordance rate
selective breeding
artificially selecting males and females with a certain characteristic and make them reporoduce
