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psychology paper 2 > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

banduras 4 mediational processes

A

attention- the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
retention- how well the behaviour is remembered
motor reproduction- the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
motivation- the will.

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2
Q

self actualisation

A

Achievement of the full potential

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3
Q

reductionist

A

only looking at 1 factor when explaining behaviour, disregarding the influence of any others

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4
Q

holistic

A

looking at all variables

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5
Q

schemas

A
  • units of information that we use to understand the world around us
  • they develop from experience and form our beliefs and expectations of the world around us
  • allow us to process information quickly
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6
Q

determinism

A

humans have no control over the way they act or think. everything is caused by internal or external factors

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7
Q

abraham maslow

A

created hierarchy of needs

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8
Q

carl rogers

A

congruence
the selves
unconditional positive regards

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9
Q

negative punishment

A

something being taken away for doing something wrong

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10
Q

positive punishment

A

receiving something unpleasant for doing something wrong

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing something unpleasant and the outcome is positive

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12
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a reward for doing a certain behaviour

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13
Q

introspection

A

refers to the process of observing and examining your own conscious thoughts or emotions in a systematic way

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14
Q

standardisation

A

the same standardised instructions that were issued to all participants, allowing procedures to be replicated every time

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15
Q

who was wundt

A
  • opened first lab in germany
  • “father of psychology”
  • believed all aspects of nature can be studied scientifically
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16
Q

empirical methods

A

phenomena that can be observed and measured scientifically

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17
Q

systematic

A

acting according to a fixed plan or design

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18
Q

objective

A

basing findings on fact, not opinion

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19
Q

cartesian dualism

A

the idea that the brain is not the same as the mind

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20
Q

tripartite personality

A

id- pleasure principle
ego- reality principle
superego- morality principle

21
Q

5 psycho sexual stages

A

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

22
Q

oedipus complex

A

young boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mothers and a murderous hatred to their rival in love - their father

23
Q

electra complex

A

young girls develop penis envy- they desire their father and hate their mother. they are thought to give up these feelings by replacing it with their desire to have babies

24
Q

defence mechanisms

A

allows us to block out painful feelings after experiencing a trauma

25
Q

3 ego defence mechanisms

A

repression , denial , displacement

26
Q

defence mechanisms : displacement

A

using a substitute person or object for the expression of feelings

27
Q

defence mechanisms : repression

A

forcing a hurtful memory or feeling out of the consciousness

28
Q

defence mechanisms: denial

A

refusing to acknowledge certain aspects of reality

29
Q

classical conditioning

A

behaviour is learnt via association

30
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviour is explained by a associating a consequence with a certain action

31
Q

neutral stimulus

A

something in the environment that doesn’t cause a response

32
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

something in the environment that already causes us to respond in a certain way

33
Q

tabula rosa

A

we are born as blank slates

34
Q

serotonin

A

mood regulator

35
Q

dopamine

A

drive and motivation levels

36
Q

neuro chemistry

A

actions of chemicals in the brain

37
Q

chemicals

A

neurotransmitters

38
Q

monozygotic

A

one zygote - identical twins

39
Q

dizygotic

A

two zygotes - non identical twins

40
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

reinforcement which occurs through observing someone else

41
Q

nomothetic

A

concerned with establishing general laws based on the study of large groups of people

42
Q

idiographic

A

focus on the individual and emphasise the unique personality and experience of human nature

43
Q

assumption of behaviourist approach

A

we are born as blank slates
all behaviour is learned and any changes are a result of environmental factors

44
Q

skinners rats

A

rats in a box with a lever that released food
rats learned this
some rats were shocked when pulled lever and learned to only do so when hungry

45
Q

pavlovs dog

A

bell was rang when food was given
dog salivated when bell was rang

46
Q

assumptions of biological approach

A

everything psychological is first biological
the mind lives in the brain

47
Q

twin studies

A

analyses whether psychological characteristics are genetic via concordance rate

48
Q

selective breeding

A

artificially selecting males and females with a certain characteristic and make them reporoduce

psychology paper 2 (3 decks)

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