Approaches Flashcards
Basic explanation of psychodynamic approach
There are different most unconscious forces that operate the mind and direct are behaviour and experiences
The structure of personality
I’d-primitive part of our personality acts on the pleasure principle and I’d is present at birth
Ego- devolping at 2 works as a reality pricinple and is a mediator between the id and superego (reduces conflict ) it does this by employing defence mechanisms
Supe ego -formed at 5 and is out internals ease of right and wrong it punsishes the
Freuds psychosexual stages
He believed children are born with a sexual(pleasure ) urge
And there are a number of different stages of childhood during which the child seeks pleasure from a different object
To be psychologically healthy we must complete each stage of not mental abnormality may occur
Stages of the psychosexual stages
Oral-mouth is main pleasure comepelyed when they can eta on their own
Anal- 18mto3y and defecation is the main source of pleurae completed when they are potty trained
Phallic - 3-5 form of pleasure is genital - boys wnat their mom and opposite for girls
Latency stage - 5 to puberty earlier conflicts are reopened pleaure urges are put into sports etc focuses on devolping friendships
Genital - puberty to adult like phallic however focuses on making healthy living relationships
Defence mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Displacement
Psychological disorders
Freud little hans
He observed a child hans who had a phobia of horses while he grew up
Child showed signs of the ohallic stage as he imagined being married to his mom and his fear of horses was displacement of his real fear of his father
Frueds findings supported his studies
Basic explanation of cognitive approach
Is how mental process like thought ,attention ,perceptions affect our behaviour
The cognitive approach is the study of internal mental process , the role of schema , the use of theoretical and computer models to explain and make inferences about metal process
Cognitive neuroscience
Assumptions of cognitive approach
Our mental system have a limited capacity
A control mechanism overseas all mental process
Two way flow of information
Information processing model (cognitive approach )
Input - processing - output
Compares human to a computer
Schema
Is a package of ideas and information devolved through experience helps you to organise and interpret information and experiences
Chema affects our behaviour
How does schemas process information
When information is consistent with a schema it is assimilated into the schema and strengths it
When information is inconsistent- accommodation occurs and the schema has to change in order to resolve the problem
Three different types of schema
Role schemas - these are ideas about the behaviour which is expected form someone in a certain role , setting or situation
Event schemas - these are also scripts they contain information about what happens in a situation
Self schemas - these contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality, as well as beliefs and values , self schemas can affect how you act
Problems of schemas
They can stop you from learning new information
Prejudice stereotypes can be an outcome of schemas
Schemas which holds expectations or beliefs about a certain subgroup of people may bias the way we process incoming information
Ways to observe the brain in cognitive neuroscience
Pet scan
MRI scans
Neuroimaging
Electrophysiology
Biological approach
Combine psychology and biology to provide physiological expiations for behaviour
How biological structures and process within the body impacts on behaviour
Neurochemicals
Chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological/physiological functioning
Study’s which investigate the gentic basis of behaviour
Twin studies
Adoption studies
Family studies
Evidence form theses study suggests certain behaviours like intelligence are genetically inherented
Genotype and phenotype
Genotype- are the actual set of genes a individual has
Phenotype - are an individuals anatomical features or observed traits such as behavioural and physical characteristics
Relationship of genotype and phenotype
The genotype is the gentic programming that provides the pheno type
Genotype - enviorment = phenotype
Recessive and dominant genes
Recessive gene only shows if the individual has two copies of the respective gene
Dominant gene alway shows even if the individual only has one copy of the gene
Two main concepts in evolution theroy (changes in inherited characteristics)
Natural selection - animals with particular traits which provide the, with advantages are likely to survive and reproduce and pas their genes to off spring and also animals adapt behaviours to their enviorment off three principles:diversity , interaction and differnatl amplifaction
Sexual selection - males can reproduce as much as they wnat however females are limited so females are more careful when picking partners
Limitations of biological approach
It is a determinstic approach
Reductionist
Ignores role of environment
Social learning theory
A way of explains behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors
Social learning theory (behaviourism /cognitive)
Behaviourism - focus on human behaviour in response to reward / punishment
->
Cognitive - focus on the internal mental process between stimulus and response
Vicarious reinforcement
We llearn through modelling and modelling involves learning through the observation of other people (models ) which may lead to imitation of the behaviour
Mediational process (four conditions of socail learning )
Attention : the extent to which we notice certain behaviour
Retention : the individual remembers what they have observed
Motor reproduction: the individual replicates the behaviour shown by the model
Motivation : the individual seeks to demonstrate the behaviour that they have observed
limitations of solcail learning theory
Reductionist approach
Underestimate the effect of biological factors
Boob doll study
36 girls and 36boys with the men’s age of 52 months
Basic assumptions of humans tic approach
Every individual is unique
Free will explains behaviour
People should be viewed holistically
Free will
Hum magic approach is based on free will and how we have the ability to choose what we do and we are in control of our behaviour
Does suggest there are some restrictions on free will like laws etc
Humastic approach suggests the sinetfic method is not appropriate to measure behaviour ?
Humastic psychologists argues the sinetfic method to bee too objective and yet humans are subjective in the way they think and behave
Maslows heirachy of need
Self actualisation
Esteem needs
Love need
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Flow theory
Is being a state when someone is completely caught up in a task etc so that they are completely focused on their performance and on thinking about other everyday matters
This state seems to increase personal growth because the person is driven to improve their performance
Three types of self
Self concept - self you feel you are
Ideal self - self you wish to be
The real self - person you actually are
Congruence
a state in which a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar
Behaviourism
We learn are behaviour from the enviorment around us
And there are three factors: stimulus ,response , reinforcement
Classic conditioning - pavlovs dogs
Involves parenting a response naturally caused by one tumulus with another previously neutral stimulus
Us-ur
Us-ns-ur
Cs-cr
Operant conditioning bf skinner
Claimed all behaviour is learnt through a result of consequences in our enviorment (positive and negative )
Positive reinforcement
Increases the likelihood of a response occurring because it revolves around reward for behaviour
Negative reinforcement
Increase the likelihood of a repos e occurring because it involves the removal of unpleasant consequences
