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Psychology A Level AQA > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Known as the Father of psychology he opened the first psychology lab in Germany 1879 which was used to understand psychological processes like emotions and sensations.

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2
Q

Identify 3 assumptions of the Behavioural Approach

A

Humans are born as a blank slate
All behaviour is learnt from the environment
Psychology is a science

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3
Q

2 main theories of behaviourism

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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4
Q

Classical conditioning is where we learn through…

A

Association

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5
Q

Operant conditioning is where we learn through…

A

Consequence (punishment and reinforcement)

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6
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

When you add a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.

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7
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When you remove an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour.

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8
Q

Punishment

A

The consequence is receiving something unpleasant which decreases the probability of the behaviour being repeated

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9
Q

According to positive reinforcement, WHY is behaviour likely to be REPEATED?

A

To receive the same reward

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10
Q

According to negative reinforcement, WHY is a behaviour likely to be REPEATED?

A

To avoid a negative consequence

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11
Q

In Pavlov’s research, what was unconditioned stimulus?

A

Food

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12
Q

In Pavlov’s research, what was unconditioned response?

A

Salivation

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13
Q

In Pavlov’s research, what was the bell?

A

Neutral Stimulus during conditioning

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14
Q

Outline the conditioning process during Pavlovs experiment

A

Before conditioning

Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) caused salivation (Unconditioned Response)
Bell (Neutral stimulus) caused no response

During Conditioning

Food (US) + Bell (NS) caused salivation (UR)

After Conditioning

Bell (Conditioned Stimulus) caused salivation (Conditioned Response)

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15
Q

Skinner Rat experiment

A

In 1938 there was a study that suggested that rats can learn behaviour through operant conditioning. A behaviour such as pressing a lever can be positively reinforced by receiving food

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16
Q

Little Albert Watson and Rayner

A

Little Albert (11 month old) initially showed no fear in white fluffy objects like rats or rabbits. The researchers created a conditioned response by banging a metal pole loudly behind his head whenever he reached for the white rabbit. This resulted in him being conditioned to have a fear of white fluffy objects showing abnormal behaviour can be learned. But was unethical and lacked ecological validity as it was artificial

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17
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Learning can occur simply through observing others in our environment

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18
Q

Proposer of the social learning theory

A

Bandura

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19
Q

Behavioural Approach

A

This approach assumes someone is a product of their environment, people are born a ‘blank state and all behaviour is learnt

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20
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

How our mental processes (eg thoughts and perceptions) affect behaviour

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21
Q

According to the cognitive approach how does our mind work?

A

Like a computer

22
Q

Describe the three-stage process of the computer model

A

INPUT (info from environment) –> PROCESS (we interpret) —-> OUTPUT (behaviour)

23
Q

Inferences

A

Guesses of how people are going to react behave

24
Q

What is meant by ‘schemas’ and how are they created?

A

They are mental representations caused by experiences

25
Q

Reasons why schemas are beneficial

A

Can help us predict what might happen
Help us make quick decisions
Prevent us from being overwhelmed

26
Q

Problems with schema

A

Can stop people from learning new information
Prejudice and stereotypes can be an outcome of schemas
These can lead to faulty conclusions, unhelpful behaviours and perception errors

27
Q

Assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

Our mental systems have a limited capacity

A control mechanism overseas our mental processes

There is a two way flow of information

28
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

An approach which maps human behaviour to brain function. Brain imaging techniques allow psychologists to discover when and where things happen in the brain in relation to peoples behaviour at the time

29
Q

Strengths of Cognitive Approach

A

Considers mental processes which are overlooked in other approaches
Helped development of therapies (cognitive behaviour therapy)

30
Q

Weaknesses of Cognitive Approach

A

Research is often carried out in artificial situations meaning emotions are ignored.
Cognitive Psychology fails to take individual differences into a account and assumes everyone processes stuff in the exact same way

31
Q

The Biological Approach

A

Our genetics, hormones and nervous system influence out behaviour

32
Q

Basic assumptions of Biological approach

A

Everything psychological is at first biological

Behaviour is influenced by genetics

The mind lives in the brain

33
Q

What two factors determine how we behave according to the biological approach?

A

genotype
phenotype

34
Q

The genetic explanation argues that behavioural characteristics such as intelligence, personality and mental illness are what?

A

Genetically altered

35
Q

Concordance rate

A

The extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics. (the higher the more similar they are)

36
Q

Genotype

A

A specific set of genes that an individual has inherited from their biological parents and is unique to them (their genetic makeup). Genotypes can give a predisposition to disorders

37
Q

Phenotypes

A

A persons obserbable traits

38
Q

The Psychodynamic Approach

A

Created by Sigmund Freud, its a perspective that describes the different forces (dynamics), most of which unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience

39
Q

Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Approach

A

The unconscious forces in our mind determine our thoughts, feeling and behaviour

Our behaviour as adults is strongly influenced by our childhood experiences

Abnormal behaviour is the result of mental conflict

40
Q

Overview of Freuds Oral stage

A

Oral Stage is from birth until age 1. The child enjoys sucking and tasting of which the mothers breast is the desire. Completion of this stage is demonstrated by weaning (eating independently). Consequences of unresolved conflict would mean the child becomes sarcastic, sensitive to rejection and may smoke, bite nails and drink

41
Q

Overview of Freuds anal stage

A

Anal stage is from 18 months to 3. Defecation is main source of pleasure. Completion marked by potty training. Consequences of unresolved conflict - anally retentive (tidy, stubborn and perfectionist) or anally expulsive (thoughtless and messy)

42
Q

Overview of Freuds Phallic stage

A

Phallic stage from 3-5. Form of pleasure is the genital area. Oedipus complex is where boys want his mother as his ‘primary love object’ and wants his father out of the way. Electra complex girl experience penis envy and desire their father and hate their mother. Consequences of unresolved conflict is a phallic personality where theyre narcissistic, reckless and possibly homosexual

43
Q

Overview of Freuds Latency stage

A

Latency stage is from 5- puberty. Sexual urges sublimated in sports and hobbies whilst focusing on same sex friendships. Lull before storm of puberty

44
Q

Overview of Freuds Genital stage

A

Genital stage is from puberty-adulthood. Focus on genitals (not same extent as phallic stage). Developing healthy adult relationships if all other stages negotiated. Consequence of unresolved conflict is having difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

45
Q

Name the 3 defence mechanisms

A

Denial, repression and displacement

46
Q

Assumptions of humanistic approach

A

Every individual is unique. Freewill. People should be viewed holistically. Scientific method is not appropriate to measure behaviour

47
Q

3 parts of the brain according to the psychodynamic approach

A

The conscious , the unconscious and the pre-conscious

48
Q

The ID

A

The impulsive part of your personality that is driven by pleasure and repulsed by pain

49
Q

The superego

A

The judgmental and morally correct part of your personality

50
Q

The ego

A

The conscious part of your personality that mediates between the id and the superego and makes decisions

51
Q

Self actualisation

A

The process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential

52
Q

The types of self as parts of Humanistic approach

A

The self concept is the self you feel you are

The ideal self is the self you are aiming towards

The real self is the person you actually are not who you think you are or who you wish you were

Psychology A Level AQA (7 decks)

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