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psychology > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five approaches in psychology?

A

-biological
-learning
-cognitive
-psychodynamic
-humanistic

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2
Q

what is introspection?

A

the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness

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3
Q

who is wilhelm wundt?

A

a German psychologist and professor.
known today as ‘the father of philosophy’

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4
Q

what are the 4 goals of psychology?

A

-description
-explanation
-prediction
-change

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5
Q

what is the biological approach

A

hormones, brain psychology

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6
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

thought processes and perception of the world

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7
Q

what is psychodynamic approach

A

unconscious mind

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8
Q

what is humanistic approach

A

need for fulfilment

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9
Q

structure of personality

A

id ego superego

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10
Q

what is the definition of psychology?

A

the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour

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11
Q

what is the definition of science?

A

a means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation

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12
Q

when did wilhelm wundt open his first institute?

A

Leipzig in Germany, 1870s

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13
Q

what did wilhelm wundt do?

A
  1. promoted the use of introspection
  2. paved the way for later controlled research and the study of mental processes
  3. looked at sensations and emotional reactions
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14
Q

what were the four goals of his study?

A
  1. Description
  2. Explanation
  3. Prediction
  4. Change
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15
Q

who criticised introspection and why?

A

Watson, as he thought it was too subjective
Measuring concepts can’t be seen and varied among individuals

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16
Q

what did watson establish?

A

The behaviourist approach, and along with it the emergence of psychology as a science. Focused on a scientific process involving lab experiments

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17
Q

who founded the psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

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18
Q

what does Sigmund freud argue?

A

that behaviour is due to psychological factors

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19
Q

what drives our behaviour according to Freud?

A

the unconscious mind

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20
Q

what is the innate drive?

A

natural longing or instinct for something that drives our behaviour and personality

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21
Q

what does the iceberg model include?

A
  1. the conscious mind
  2. pre conscious mind
  3. unconscious mind
22
Q

what is our unconscious mind thought to show through according to Freud?

A

dreams, Freudian slip, neurotic, symptoms, creativity

23
Q

what does our unconscious mind also contain?

A

threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed

24
Q

what is the tripartite system?

A

three parts to our personality

25
Q

what do all three parts of our personality demand?

A

gratification

26
Q

what is the id?

A

•primitive part of our personality
•birth - 18 months
•operates on the pleasure principle
•entirely selfish and demands gratification of its needs

27
Q

what is the ego?

A

•18 months - 3 years
•mediates between the id and superego
•tries to reduce conflict between if and superego
•does this through defence mechanisms

28
Q

what is the superego?

A

•internalised sense of right and wrong
•3 - 6 years
•operates on the morality principle
•represents the moral standards of the child’s same sex parent
•strives for the ego ideal which determines by strict self parenting

29
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

The term cognitive means mental processes. This approach is focused on how our mental processes such as thoughts,perceptions and attention impact behaviour.

30
Q

what is internal mental processes?

A

Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate
between stimulus and response.

31
Q

what is a schema?

A

A mental framework of beliefs and explanations that influence cognitive
processing. They are developed from experience.

32
Q

what is inferences?

A

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour .

33
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes.

34
Q

what two models are used in the cognitive approach?

A

•theoretical model
•computer model

35
Q

what is the theoretical model?

A

Theoretical models, such as the information processing approach, suggest that information flows through a sequence of stages that include input, storage, and retrieval.

36
Q

what is the computer model?

A

Computer models refer to programmes that can be run on a
computer to imitate the human mind – the mind is compared to a computer.

• For example, a computer uses ‘coding’ to store information, humans
use ‘coding’ to store memories in different formats such as semantic or acoustic

37
Q

what does the biological approach believe about psychological behaviour?

A

everything psychological is biological first

38
Q

what biological structure does the biological approach believe that we should be focusing on?

A

genes, neurotransmitters and the nervous system

39
Q

what does the biological approach think explains our thoughts and behaviour?

A

the brain as the mind lives there

40
Q

what are genes?

A

carry instructions for a particular characteristic

41
Q

what are twin studies?

A

comparison of MZ and DZ twins in terms of a characteristic

42
Q

what are concordance rates?

A

the extent to which both twins share the same characteristic

43
Q

what % of DNA do MZ twins share?

A

100%

44
Q

what % of DNA do DZ twins share?

A

50%

45
Q

If MZ twins have a higher concordance rate that DZ twins, what does this suggest?

A

It suggests the characteristic being
investigated has a genetic basis

46
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic code in the DNA

47
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical appearance that results from
the inherited information (genotype +
environmental influence)

48
Q

What do genotypes and phenotypes show about human behaviour?

A

Much of human behaviour depends
upon an interaction between
inherited factors (nature) and the environment (nurture)

49
Q

What is evolution?

A

the change in the characteristics of a species

50
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Genetically determined behaviour
that enhances an individual’s survival
and reproduction will continue in further generations

51
Q

What happens as result of natural selection to genes that do not provide an advantage?

A

they “die”

psychology (6 decks)

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