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Psychology Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Wudt and introspection

A

-Marked beginning of scientific psychology
-Used standardsied procedures
-Introspection: Thoughts, imags and sensations
-Introsepction used with structialsim

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2
Q

Wundt evaluation

A

-Scientific and forerunner
-Not scientific today, subjective

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3
Q

Learning approach: Behaviourist approach Assumptions

A

-Only behvaiour that can be obsereved and measured
-Rejected introspection for being too diffifcult to measure
-Relied on lab studies
-Baby is blank slate and gets experience
-Following Darwin, believed that all animals have same basic processes of learning

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4
Q

Behaviourist approach forms of learning

A

Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

-Pavlov
-Learning through association
-dogs

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6
Q

Operant conditioning

A

-Skinner
-We operate on our environment
-Positive reinforcement, increases behaviour repeating
-Negative reinforcement , increases behaviour repeating
-Punishment , decereases behaviour repeating
-Piegon pecking disk = food pellet
-Rat Lever = food pellet
-Rat electrocution box lever = stops elecroctuon

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7
Q

Behvaiourist approach Evaluation

A

-Well controlled research
-Oversimplified, ignores human thought
-Real world application , token economy systems (operant)
-Environmental determinism, ignores freewill (skinner)
-Ethical issues

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8
Q

Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory Assumptions

A

-Agreed with behaviourists that behaviour is learned through experience
-Learning through observation and imiatation of others
-Learning is directly and indirectly learned through classical and operant conditioning

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9
Q

SLT parts

A

1) Vicarious reinforcement
2)The role of mediational processes
3)Identification

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10
Q

SLT Vicarious reinforcement

A

Indirect Learning
-Observes behaviour of others
-Imitation if their behaviour is reinforced
-Observes both behaviour and consequences

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11
Q

SLT The role of mediational processes

A

-Cognitive factors
1.Attention - the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
2. Retention - how well the behaviour is remembered
3.Motor reproduction - The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
4.Motivation - The will to perform the behaviour determined by if it was rewarded or punished
-1&2= Learning of behaviour
-3&4= Performance of behaviour
-Learning and performance doesn’t need to occur together unlike traditional behaviourism
-Observed behaviours may be stored and reproduced later

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12
Q

SLT identification

A

-They identify with a role model
-Both imitated behaviour and observed behaviour is modelling
-Becomes role model if they possess similar characteristics to observer and are attractive and have high status
-May not be physically present can be online

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13
Q

SLT Research

A

-Bandura Bobo dolls
-Lab experiment of 36 boys and 36 girls 3-6 years old
-Split into 3 groups
Group 1: Agressive model
Group 2: Non agressive model
Group 3: Control group no model
-Agression arousal told not to play at first
-Group 1 imitated and most agressive
-Boys more agressive
-No difference in verbal agression between girls and boys
-Shows children imitate behaviour of role model despite agression
Experiment repeated but with differing condequences
Group 1: Praise
Group 2: Punished
Group 3: No consequences
-Group 1 most agresssive, Group 3, second agressive , Group 2 least agressive
-Shows imitation is more likely to occur when the model is positively reinforced, demonstrating the importance of vicarious reinforcement

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14
Q

SLT evaluation

A

-Cognitive factors
-CP: Little reference to biology, mirror neurons
-Contrived lab studies
-Real world application - meadia, social, cultural norms
-Reciprocal determinism

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15
Q

The cognitive Approach assumptions

A

-Internal processes can be studied scientifically
-Memory, perception and thinking
-These are private so studied through inferences

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16
Q

The cognitive approach parts

A

The role of schema and Theoretical and Computer models

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17
Q

The Cognitive approach : Role of Schema

A

-Cognitive processing affected by schema: Packages of ideas and information developed through experience
-Mental framework
-Babies born with simple motor schema for innate behaviours like sucking and grasping e.g graping schema is moving hand shaping the hand around the object in co-ordination with visual imupt
-Schema gets more sophisticated with age e.g concept of psychology
-Schema enables us to process lots of information quickly and this is iseful as a sort of mental shortcut that prevents us from being overwhelems by environemntal stimuli
-May also distort out intepretations of sensory infromation ,leading to perceptual errors

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18
Q

Cognitive approaches Theoretical and Computer models

A

-Cognitive pschologists use these to help undertand internal mental processes
-Theoretical models abstracts ad computer models are concrete things
-Theoretical model eg. Infromation processing approach, that suggests infromation flows through the congnitive system in a squence of stages, including imput,storage and retrieal as in the multi-store model
-Bases on the way computers function
-Computer models involve actually programming a comuter to see if such instructions produce a similar output to humans
-If they do we can suggest similar processes are happening in the human mind
-Such computional models of the mind have proved useful in the development of thinking machines or AI

19
Q

Cognitive Approaches: The emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A

-The scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
-Broca identified how damage t the frontal lobe (now known as Broca’s area) can permanately impair speech production
-Recently with fMRI and PET scans, scientists been able to sytematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes e.g research involving tasks that required use of episodic and semantic memory, Petersen showed how these different types of long term memory may be located on opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex
-Also central executive in WMM in in this similar area
-Scanning techniques proved useful in establishing the neurological basis of some mental disorders
-Link between parahippocampal gyrus and OCD is discussed , playing a role in processin unpleasant emotions
-The focus of cognitive nueroscience has expanded recently to include the use of computer-generated models that are designed to ‘read’ the brain
-This led to the devlopment of mind mapping techniques known as ‘brain fingerprinting’
-Possible future application can be to analyse the brain wave patterns of eyewitnesses to determine whether they are lying in court

20
Q

Cognitive approach evaluation

A

-Scientific methods
CP: too abstract and thoeretical & artificial stimulu
-Real world application e.g AI & robots, treatment of depression and reliability of EWT
-Machine reductionism
-Soft determinsm

21
Q

The biological approach assumptions

A

-Everything pschological is at frst biological
-All thoughts,feelings and behaviour have a physical basis
-Contratsed to cognitive approach that sees mental orcesses of the mind as sepetate from the physcial brain

22
Q

The biological approach parts

A

The Neurochemical basis of behvaiour
The genetic basis of behaviour
Genotype & phenotype
Evolution and behaviour

23
Q

Biological approach: The neurochemical basis of behaviour

A

-Actions of chemicals in the brain
-Much of thought relies on the chemical transmission in the brain
-Occurs using neurotransmitters
-Imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain has been implicated as a possible cause of mentl disorder e.g low levels of serontonin in OCD and overproduction of dopamine in schizophrenia

24
Q

Biological approach : The genetic basis of behaviour

A

-Pschologcial characteristics such as intelligence are inherited in the same way as eye colour or height
-Tins studies used to investigate if pschological characteristics have a genetic basis
-Achieved by analysing concordance rates
-If a characteristic is genetic we expect all monozygotic twins to be concoordant
-Not true for dizygotic twins who share about 50% of the same genes
-In both cases envirnment is assume to be constant

25
Q

Biological approach: Genotype & Phenotype

A

Genotype: Genetic makeup
Phenotype: Way genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics
-MZ twins have different phenotypes e.g PKU
-PKU: rare gentic disorder can be detected in abies using a heel prick test, if left unchecked baby will have sdifficult learning difficulties. If detected early baby will be on restircted diet and not develop learning difficulties
-Biological psychologists acceot that much of human behaviour depends on interaction between inherited factors (nature) and the environemnt (nurture)

26
Q

Biological approach: Evolution and behaviour

A

e.g Charles Darwin: the theory of natural selection, any genetically determined behvaiour that enhances an indivduals survival and reproduction will continue in future generations
-e.g Farming, farmer selcts one who possess desirable characteristics
-e.g Cow high milk yield
-Seection takes place naturally so poseessor with certain advantages are more likely to sruvive and pass on traits
-If individual survives but does not repoduce, traits do not remain in the gene pool for successive generations

27
Q

Biological approach Evaluation

A

-Real word application e.g antideoressent drugs with serontonin synapses
CP:Do not work for everone . 21
-Scientific methods e.g fMRI and EEGs
-Biological determinism ,twins and crime

28
Q

The psychodynamic approach parts

A

The role of the unconscious
The stucture of personality
Psychosexual stages
Defence mechanisms

29
Q

Psychodynamic approach The role of the unconscious

A

Conscious - we are aware of
Preconscious- thoughts and memories not in conscious awareness but access if desired. EGO
Unconscious - majority store of biological drives and instincts that have a significant influence on behvaiour and personality
-Contains repressed memories accessed during dreams of ‘slip of the tongue’ i.e parapraxes
ID & SUPEREGO

29
Q

Psychodynamic approach: The structure of personality

A
  1. ID, ego & superego
30
Q

ID in the stucture of personality

A

-Primitive and operates on pleasure principle
-Unconscious drives and instincts
-Only id is present at birth
-Selfish and demands instant gratification of its needs

31
Q

Ego in the structure of personality

A

-Operates on the reality principle
-Mediatse between ID and Superego
-Develops at 2
-Reduces conflicts between demands of the Id and Superego
-Manages by employing defence mechanisms

32
Q

Superego in the structure of the personality

A

-Formed at the end of the phallic stage around 5
-Internalised sense of right and wrong
-Based on the morality principle it represents the moral standards of the child’s same gender parent and punishes the Ego for wrongdoing (guilt)

33
Q

Defence mechanisms in Psychodynamic approach

A

-Often involve distortion of realitty and as a long term solution they are regarded as pschologically unhealthy and undesirable
-Repression : forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
-Denial : Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
-Displacement : Transferring feelings from a true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target

34
Q

Psycho sexual stages

A

Stage marked by a different conflict the child must resolve to progress to the nex stage
-Any psychosexual conflict that is unresolved leads to fixation where child becomes stuck and carries certaiin behvaiours and conflicts associated with that stage to adult life
-Phallic stage : Oedipus conflict

35
Q

Oedipus complex

A

-In phallic stage, boys develop incestous feelings for mother and a murderous hatred for their rival, their father
-Fears that father will castrate them, boys repress their feelings and identify with father, taking on gender role and moral values
-Girls have Electra complex
-Penis envy , desiring father and hated mother
-Give up desire for father over time and replace with desire for a baby, identifying with mother
-Little Hans 5 year old boy who developed phbia of hourses after seeing it collapse on the street
-Hans’ phobia was displacement in which his repressed fear of his father was displaced onto horses
-Thus horses were a symbolic represenation of Han;s real unconcscious fear of being castrated, eperienced during oedipus complex

36
Q

Psychodynamic approach evaluation

A

-Real world application, psychotherapy & psychoanalysis then talking therapies such a counseling
-CP: not all mental disorders
-Explanatory power
-Untestable concepts - no falsisfication, not open to empirical testing , pseudoscientific
-Psychic determinism

37
Q

Humanistic psychology parts

A

Free will
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self actualisation
The self, congruence and conditions of worth
Counselling psychology

38
Q

Humanistic psychology: Free will

A

-Humans are self deermining and have free will
-People still affected by external and internal influences but also active agents who can determine their own development
-They reject scientific models to establish general principles of human behaviour
-We are all unique and pschology should concern itself with the stuy of subjective experience rather than general laws
-AKA Person-centered approach

39
Q

Humanistic psychology: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
40
Q

Humanistic psychology: Self actualisation

A

4 lower levels are Deficiency needs, for survival
-Needed to pursue self actualisation a Growth need
-Applies to early life when baby is first focused on physiological needs and applies thorughout life
-They regard personal growth as an essential part of being human
Personal growth = developing and changing as a person to become fufilled,satisfied and goal orientated
-Not everyone will manage this but there are important psychological barriers that may prevent a person from reaching their potential

41
Q

Humanistic psychology: The self , congruence and conditions of worth

A

-Rogers argued for personal growth to be achieved, the individuals concept of the self (Way they see themself) must have congruence with their ideal self
-If too big of a gap, person will hae a state of incongruence and self actualisation will not be possible due to negative feelings that arise from incongruence
-To reduce gap, Rogers developed Client-centred therapy aka Counselling to help cope with problems of everyday living
-He claimes many of issues we experience as adults such as worthlessnesss and low self esteem have roots in childhood and can be explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard
-Parents with conditions of worth store up psychological probems for child in future
-Thus Rogers saw the effective therpist would provide clients with uncnditional positive regard that they failed to recieeve as children

42
Q

Counselling psychology

A

Rogers’ client centered therapy is an important form of modern day psycho therapy
-Led to general approach of counselling
-Saw them as clients not patients as they are an expert in their condition
-Therapy is non directive, the client is encouraged to discovery of their own solutions within a thereutic atmosphere that is supportive
Therapist should provde: Genuiness, empathy and unconditonal positive regard
-Aims to increase persons feelings self worth,reduce levels of incongruence, and help person become a more functioning person
-Rogers work trandfrmed psychotherapy and introduced a variety of counselling techniques
-UK and US have similar counselling skills that are practiced in settings that are clinical, education,health, social work and industry
-Praised as forward looking and effctive approach that ocuses on present poblems rather than dwelling on the past
-However much psychoanalysis is best applied to the treatment of mild psychological condiitons such as anxiety and low self worth

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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