Approaches Flashcards
Who is referred to as the father of modern psychology and what did he do?
Wilhelm Wundt, 1875 established the first psychological laboratory and founded the Institute for experimental psychology in 1879.
What is introspection?
A technique pioneered by Wundt to gain insight to how mental processes work, people were trained to report in detail their inner experiences, thoughts, and feelings when presented with a stimulus such as a problem to solve or something to be memorised.
What is the biological approach?
This approach sees behaviour as rooted in the physiology and biology of the body.
What are the main assumptions of the Biological appraoch?
- Genetics
2.The central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord - The chemistry of the body
What is the genotype?
An individuals genetic make up
What is the phenotype?
Products of what happens when the genotype interacts with the environment.
What is the central nervous system?
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord which are pivotal in transferring messages to and from the environment
What is the peripheral nervous system?
This system is the accompanying system running throughout the body which acts with the central nervous system.
What is the endocrine system?
System which affects the transfer and secretion of hormones within the body.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals within the cerebral or brain fluid that transmit signals.
What is the behaviourist approach?
States that we are a product of our learning.
What are the main assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
- Behaviour is learned from experience
- Only observable behaviour is measurable scientifically and it is only these behaviours that should be studied
- It is valid to study the behaviour of animals as they share the same principles of learning
- We are born a blank slate
What is Classical conditioning?
One of the key principles of learning is learning through association. The key idea is that learning occurs when an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a reflex response.
What is stimulus generalisation?
When a stimulus becomes generalised to other related stimuli which are also associated with the conditioned response.
What is stimulus discrimination?
When a stimulus is not associated with the conditioned response as it is too different from the original stimulus.
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is another learning principle of the behaviour approach, it works on the principle of learning by consequence.
What is positive reinforcement?
A behaviour is more likely to reoccur because of positive consequences.
What is negative reinforcement?
A behaviour is more likely to reoccur because of avoidance of negative consequence.
What is punishment?
A behaviour is less likely to reoccur because of negative consequences.
What are the basic assumptions of the social learning approach?
- Behaviour is learned from the environment, so therefore does not regard genetics as an influence on behaviour
- Behaviour is learned from observing others the reinforcement or punishment they receive.
What are the key concepts in SLT?
- Imitation
- Identification
- Modelling
- Vicarious reinforcement
What are the mediational process in SLT?
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
What are the main assumptions of the Cognitive approach?
- Thought processes can be, and should be studied scientifically
- The mind works like a computer in that it has input from our senses and produces an output
- Stimulus and response is appropriate
What is a schema in relation to the cognitive approach?
A collection of ideas about a person or situation formed through experience which helps the individual to understand and predict the world around them.
What is the information processing model
Input—-.> Processing——> Output
What does the emergence of cognitive neuroscience refer to?
Is a discipline that is a combination of several other disciplines. Its main focus is to look for a biological basis for thought processes, specifically at how the neurons explain those processes.