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psychology paper 2 > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

introspection

A

when we reflect our thoughts, emotions, and memories and examine what they mean

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2
Q

behaviourism

A

behaviours are required through conditioning: classical and operant

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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4
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

something that causes a natural response

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5
Q

unconditioned response

A

an automatic reaction to a stimulus

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6
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that has no effect on behaviour, and so causes no response

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7
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

something that we have learnt to react to

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8
Q

conditioned response

A

a learnt response to a stimulus

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9
Q

extinction

A

a learned response is extinguished

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10
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

an association has not been completely extinguished

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11
Q

classical conditioning study

A

pavlov:
- dogs paired the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus together to create saliva.

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12
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement and punishments

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13
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving an award

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14
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing something bad

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15
Q

punishment

A

an unpleasant consequence of a behaviour

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16
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcement is provided every single time after the desired behaviour

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17
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

only reinforced occasionally rather than all of the time. This leads to slower learning but it produces the behaviour that is more resistant to extiniction

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18
Q

operant conditioning study

A

skinner:
- found that rats activated a lever within a box to receive a food pellet. From then on the rat would continue to perform behaviour

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19
Q

social learning theory

A

learning through the environment through a process of modelling and reinforcement

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20
Q

modelling

A

learning through the obeservation of other people

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21
Q

models

A

people similar to us in terms of age, gender, race, social class

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22
Q

identification

A

taking on behaviours, qualities and beliefs of another person

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23
Q

mediational processes

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

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24
Q

Attention Processes

A

we pay attention to the models actions

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25
Q

Retentional Processes

A

Having observed the model we must remember what happened

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26
Q

Reproduction Processes

A

This is where memories are translated into action

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27
Q

Motivational Processes

A

Whether we imitate the action that has been observed depends on our motivation to do so

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28
Q

cognitive approach

A

the study of the internal mental processes such as memory, perception and attention

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29
Q

cognitive

A

mental process

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30
Q

computer models

A

the mind is seen as operating in the same way as a computer

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31
Q

schema

A

a mental framework of beliefs and expectations about events or things that influence cognitive processes

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32
Q

how are schemas developed

A

through experience

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33
Q

bugelski & alampay (1962)

A

when your schema is activated, it influences your perception of environmental stimuli

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34
Q

role schema

A

norms and expected behaviour behaviour from people with a specific role in society

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35
Q

event schema

A

focused on patterns of behaviour that should be followed for certain events

36
Q

self schema

A

cognitive framework including information and beliefs about the self that guides a person’s perception of the world

37
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on your mental processes

38
Q

evaluation of cognitive approach

A

uses objective scientific methods

39
Q

biological approach assumptions

A

a concept that emphasises the importance of the physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function

40
Q

frontal lobe function

A

behavioural and emotional control

41
Q

parietal lobe function

A

sensory information

42
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual processing

43
Q

temporal lobe function

A

processes emotions, language and visual perception

44
Q

neurochemistry

A

the actions of chemicals in the brain

45
Q

neural definition

A

brain

46
Q

agression is caused by what amounts of serotonin and dopamine

A

low serotonin and low dopamine

47
Q

schizophrenia is caused by what amounts of serotonin and dopamine

A

high serotonin and high dopamine

48
Q

depression is caused by what amounts of serotonin and dopamine

A

low serotonin and low dopamine

49
Q

concordance rates

A

the extent to which twins share the same characteristics

50
Q

family studies definitions

A

research where close relatives (parents and children) are compared certain traits to determine genetic factors

51
Q

twin studies definition

A

it is assumed that all twins share the same environment so by comparing them allows the amount of influence genes have to be investigated

52
Q

adoption studies definition

A

genetically related family members who were adopted are compared with each other in order to tease apart genetic and environmental influences

53
Q

genotype

A

an individuals genetic make up

54
Q

pheontype

A

the way genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics

55
Q

evolution

A

the change in characteristics of a species over several generations, or over time

56
Q

natural selection

A

Darwin
- genetically determined characteristics or behaviour that enhances our chances of survival and reproduction will be passed onto the next generation and become more common in a population.

57
Q

environment of evolutionary adaptation

A

all living creatures have traits that make them suited to their environment

58
Q

strength of the biological approach

A
  • real world application (can be applied to treat mental disorders through the development of therapies etc)
  • uses scientific methods (fMRIs and EEGs)
59
Q

limitation of the biological approach

A
  • deterministic
60
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

a perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconcsious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience

61
Q

role of the unconcious

A

stores threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed - can be accessed during dreams or through ‘slips of the tongue’

62
Q

preconcious

A

contains thoughts and memories which are not currently in the conscious mind but we can access them if needed

63
Q

tripartite

A

freud
- personality is composed of three parts: id, ego, superego

64
Q

the id

A

unconscious set of instincts people are born with that are completely selfish
- primitive part of personality
- operates on the pleasure principle
- present at birth
- demands instant gratification of its needs

65
Q

the ego

A

the conscious and rational part of the personality
- operates on the reality principle
- the mediator between the id and the superego
- develops around the age of 2

66
Q

the superego

A

the last part to develop - is concerned with right and wrong
- formed at the end of the phallic age of five
- operates on the morality principle
- represents moral standards of same sex parents
- punishes the ego for any wrong, through guilt

67
Q

psychosexual stages of development

A

freud
- child development occurs in five stages
- each stage is marked by a conflict which the child must resolve in order to progress to the next stage
- any psychosexual conflict that is not resolved leads to fixation where the child becomes stuck and carries certain behaviours and conflicts associated with that stage throughout adult life

68
Q

oral psychosexual development

A

0 - 1 years
- the mouth is the focus of sensation and the organ of pleasure
- overfixation occurs if a child is under fed or over fed at this age

69
Q

consequences of unresolved oral conflict

A

oral fixation
- smoking
- biking nails
- sarcastic
- critical

70
Q

anal psychosexual development

A

1 - 3 years
- the anus is the organ of pleasure
- the child gains pleasure from retention or expulsion of faeces
- ego develops at this stage

71
Q

consequences of unresolved anal conflict

A

anally retentive
- perfectionist
- obsessive personality

anally expulsive
- thoughtless
- messy personality

72
Q

phallic psychosexual development

A

3 - 6 years
- genitals is the organ of pleasure
- the child becomes aware of gender differences so becomes obsessed with its own genitals
- freud states that this is the most important stage of development where the oedipus complex occurs

73
Q

consequences of unresolved phallic conflict

A

phallic personality
- narcissistic
- reckless

74
Q

latency psychosexual development

A

6 years
- puberty
- sexual desires remain dormant
- children want nothing to do with the opposite sex as social and intellectual development complex occurs

75
Q

genital psychosexual development

A
  • puberty maturity
  • this stage marks the beginning of mature adult sexuality
  • the clam latency is disrupted as the id makes powerful demands in the form of heterosexual desire
  • the opposite sex is not needed to satisfy labido
76
Q

consequences of unresolved genital conflict

A
  • difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
77
Q

oedipus complex

A

originates from the Greek tragedy of king Oedipus who unwittingly married his mother and killed his father
- freud suggested that children in the phallic stage have unconscious sexual desires for the opposite sex parents
- this makes them resentful of the same sex parents as they view them as competitors

78
Q

castration anxiety

A

boys fear that they will be castrated because they notice girls dont have a penis, so the boys begin to identify with their fathers and internalise his morals and standards

79
Q

electra complex

A

girls believe that they do not have a penis because their mother must have already castrated them
- they turn to their fathers for love and in hope of regaining a penis
- girls suffer penis envy for the rest of their lives
- to resolve this they have to have a male baby and a male partner to become more like a man as a way as compensating for their lack of penis

80
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego

81
Q

repression

A

forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

82
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

83
Q

displacement

A

transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target

84
Q

research to support psychodynamic

A

little hans
- a five year old that developed a phobia of horses after seeing one collapse in the street
- freud suggested that Han’s phobia was a form of displacement in which he repressed his fear of his father onto the horses, and hans’ real fear was the fear of castration experienced during the Oedipus complex

85
Q

real world application of psychodynamic approach

A

introduced the idea of psychotherapy
- freud introduced psychoanalysis which was the first attempt to treat medical disorders by accessing the unconscius such as dream analysis
- psychoanalysis formed the starting point for more modern therapies such as counselling

86
Q

untestable concepts of psychodynamic approach

A

Karl Popper argued that the psychodynamic approach does not meet scientific criterion of falsification
- the unconscious mind cannot be investigated

psychology paper 2 (3 decks)

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