Approaches Flashcards
What are some assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
All behaviour is learned from the environment
At birth all we have is the capacity to learn
You are born as blank state
All learning occurs due classical and operant conditioning
What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Everyone has their own unique way of perceiving the world
People have free will
People have the innate drive to reach self-actualisation
What 2 researchers are in the humanstic approach?
Maslow and Roger
What are the 5 stages on Maslow’s heirarchy of needs - bottom to top?
Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem and Self-actualisation
How do people reach self-actualisation?
By meeting all the subsequential needs on their heiratchy
Describe self actualisation:
- This is the realisation of ones full potential
- Desire to accomplish everything
- Personal Growth
- Peak experiences
What are the characteristics of a person that has reached self-actualisation?
- Creative
- Good at problem solving
- Surrounded by good friends
What did Carl Rogers say is necessary for self-actualisation ?
People can self-actualise if their concept of self and ideal self are in line with each other - congruence and conditional positive regard.
What is congruence in relation to Carl Rogers?
When there is consistency between a persons ideal self and ideal self
What is unconditional positive regard?
When there are no conditions of worth - meaning a person feels free to make mistakes
What is incongruence in relation to Carl Rogers?
When there is inconsistency between a persons ideal self and ideal self
What is conditional positive regard?
When there are conditions to your acceptance
What are 3 assumption of the biological approach?
- neurochemistry shapes your behaviour
- Genes shape your behaviour
- The mind lives in the brain (brain structure)
What 4 factors in the biological approach influence behaviour?
Influence on genes of behaviour,
Influence of biological structures on behaviours
Influence of neurochemistry
Evolution on behaviour
How did the biological approach study genetics on behaviours?
By using twin studies
What is a genotype?
A persons genetic makeup
What is a phenotype?
genes combined with environmental
How did the biological approach explain behaviours through biological structures?
Different areas of the brains are responsible for different behaviour.
The Broca’s area is found?
In the left frontal lobe
What is the Broca’s area responsible for?
Speech production
What will damage to the Broca’s area lead to?
Broca’s Aphasia - impair of speech production.
The Wernicke’s area is found?
In the left frontal lobe
What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?
Speech comprehension
What will damage to the Wernicke’s area lead to?
Wernicke’s aphasia - impaired speech understanding
What does biological approach say neurochemistry does to behaviour?
Low levels of serotonin will lead to depression
High levels of dopamine will lead to OCD
What are 4 assumption of the pyschodynamic approach?
Our unconcious thoughts shape our behaviour
Personality has 3 components: id, ego, superego
Defence mechanism used by the ego shape behaviour
Pyschosexual stages of development shape behaviour
Who said behaviour is shaped by our unconscious mind and early childhood experiences?
Freud
What mechanisms can be used to gain access to your unconscious mind?
free association, Freudian slips
What order did different approaches come around ?
Wundt’s first experimental lab, psychodynamic approach (freud), behaviourist approach (skinner and pavlov), humanist approach, cognitive approach and biological approach
what did wundts psychology aim for ?
to study human behaviour using systematic and expirimental methods
How did wundt study the human mind?
introspection
Describe introspection as a method to study human behaviour:
Wundt attempted to isolate the structure of consciousness
How did Watson condition lil Albert to be afraid of white rats and other furry animals?
By making a loud noise that albert was afraid of whenever he reached for the rat
Whats an advantage/contribution of the behaviourist approach explaining behaviour?
By using scientific methods: lab studies. Psychology became a credible Science
Real world application e.g in school and prisons
Assumptions of SLT
people learn through meditational processes
People learn through the observation and imitation of role models
What type of reinforcement does SLT apply?
vicarious reinforcement
What does SLT say about behaviours regarding vicarious reinforcement?
Behaviours are observed and imitated only if they are rewarded for it
What type of people do people tend to observe and imitate?
People they identify with (identification)
e.g role models,
What are the requirements of role models to be imitated?
Good qualities that individuals want to posses
What are the 4 meditational processes?
attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
How does the motivation process within meditational processes relate to vicarious reinforcement?
Whether people carry it behaviours is dependent on the reward they’ll receive for it
When does learning take place in SLT ?
After all meditational processes are implemented
What a difference between behaviourism and SLT?
Behaviourism says if a behaviour is learnt it will be carried out however SLT takes into account personal motivations and risk factors to carrying out behaviour
What is the key study in STL?
the bobo doll study
What were the finding of the bobo doll study?
The girls were more verbally aggressive when they saw a female abusing the doll whereas boys were mostly just physically aggressive despite gender of adult.
What did cognitive psychologist use to understand internal processes?
theoretical and computer models
How do cognitive scientist say schemas affect our behaviour?
The beliefs and expectation of people tell them how to act
What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach ?
Human behaviour can be explained through theoretical and computer models
Schemas affect your behaviour
The brain structure affects your behaviour
What is a negative aspect of schema’s?
Distorted interpretation e.g. poor eyewitness testimonies
What does damage to the brocas area lead to ?
Damaged speech production
Where is the brocas area located ?
left temporal lobe
What is a contribution of the cognitive approach ?
Helped develop technology such as FMRI’s and PET scans
How does the cognitive approach study human behaviour?
Through inferences
What assists in the inferences of the cognitive approach?
Theoretical and computer models,
What does cognitive neuroscience within the cognitive approach say about human behaviour?
Brain structures influence behaviour e.g The brocas areas a
What does damage to the wernicke’s area lead to?
poor speech comprehension
What are the assumption of the biological approach?
Genes influence behaviour
Neurotransmitters affect behaviours
Evolution influences our behaviour
What is your geneotype?
Genetic makeup
What is your phenotype?
Physical characteristics
What is your phenotype influenced by?
genes and environment
What type of studies do biological psychologist conduct to observe the effects of genes on behaviour?
Twin studies
How do biological psychologist study the effect of genes on twins?
They observe concordance rate between identical and non-identical twins
What are concordance rates?
Degree of similarity
What are monozygotic twins?
identical twins
what are dizygotic twins?
non-identical
How does evolution explain human behaviour?
Through natural selection psychologically advantageous traits e.g seeking fertile females or strong men have been passed through humanity.
What did buss say about partner prefernecs.
Males and Females have evolved to seek certain traits from one another that enhance survival.
What neurochemicals do biological psychologist say effect our behaviour?
Dopamine and Serotonin
What would an imbalance in serotonin lead to?
Depression and aggression
What is the smallest section of our mind?
The conscious
Which part of our mind can be consciously recalled?
Conscious and pre-conscious
What is free association?
Free association is a patient’s effort to say whatever comes to mind without editing.
What is a freudian slip?
A method psychoanalysis in which an error in speech, occurs due to interference of an unconscious thought.
What are the 3 components of memory?
id,ego,superego
When does the id develop?
from birth
When does the ego develop?
2 years
What principle is the id?
the pleasure principle
characteristic of the id?
Selfish, impatient, self-centered
What principle is the ego?
reality principle
characteristic of the ego?
mediator, strives to satisfy the id’s desires
How does the ego reduce the conflict between the id and the superego?
defence mechanisms
What are the 3 defence mechanisms?
denial, repression, displacement
What principle is the superego?
morality principle
characteristic of the superego?
represent the moral standards of our parents, suppresses the id, opposite of id
When does the superego develop?
5 years
How does the superego punish people when its needs aren’t met?
guilt
What are the 5 psychosexual stages in order?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
What conflict can occur during the anal stage?
poor potty training
What conflict can occur during the phallic stage?
oedipus complex
What conflict can occur during the oral stage?
breast feeding weaning too early
What approach rejected both the behaviourist and psychodynamic approach?
humanistic approach
What did the humanistic approach emphasise?
The importance of free will and self-determination
