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Pyschology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What are some assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A

All behaviour is learned from the environment
At birth all we have is the capacity to learn
You are born as blank state
All learning occurs due classical and operant conditioning

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2
Q

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

Everyone has their own unique way of perceiving the world
People have free will
People have the innate drive to reach self-actualisation

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3
Q

What 2 researchers are in the humanstic approach?

A

Maslow and Roger

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4
Q

What are the 5 stages on Maslow’s heirarchy of needs - bottom to top?

A

Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem and Self-actualisation

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5
Q

How do people reach self-actualisation?

A

By meeting all the subsequential needs on their heiratchy

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6
Q

Describe self actualisation:

A
  • This is the realisation of ones full potential
  • Desire to accomplish everything
  • Personal Growth
  • Peak experiences
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a person that has reached self-actualisation?

A
  • Creative
  • Good at problem solving
  • Surrounded by good friends
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8
Q

What did Carl Rogers say is necessary for self-actualisation ?

A

People can self-actualise if their concept of self and ideal self are in line with each other - congruence and conditional positive regard.

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9
Q

What is congruence in relation to Carl Rogers?

A

When there is consistency between a persons ideal self and ideal self

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10
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

When there are no conditions of worth - meaning a person feels free to make mistakes

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11
Q

What is incongruence in relation to Carl Rogers?

A

When there is inconsistency between a persons ideal self and ideal self

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12
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

When there are conditions to your acceptance

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13
Q

What are 3 assumption of the biological approach?

A
  • neurochemistry shapes your behaviour
  • Genes shape your behaviour
  • The mind lives in the brain (brain structure)
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14
Q

What 4 factors in the biological approach influence behaviour?

A

Influence on genes of behaviour,
Influence of biological structures on behaviours
Influence of neurochemistry
Evolution on behaviour

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15
Q

How did the biological approach study genetics on behaviours?

A

By using twin studies

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16
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A persons genetic makeup

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17
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

genes combined with environmental

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18
Q

How did the biological approach explain behaviours through biological structures?

A

Different areas of the brains are responsible for different behaviour.

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19
Q

The Broca’s area is found?

A

In the left frontal lobe

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20
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech production

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21
Q

What will damage to the Broca’s area lead to?

A

Broca’s Aphasia - impair of speech production.

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22
Q

The Wernicke’s area is found?

A

In the left frontal lobe

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23
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Speech comprehension

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24
Q

What will damage to the Wernicke’s area lead to?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia - impaired speech understanding

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25
Q

What does biological approach say neurochemistry does to behaviour?

A

Low levels of serotonin will lead to depression

High levels of dopamine will lead to OCD

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26
Q

What are 4 assumption of the pyschodynamic approach?

A

Our unconcious thoughts shape our behaviour
Personality has 3 components: id, ego, superego
Defence mechanism used by the ego shape behaviour
Pyschosexual stages of development shape behaviour

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27
Q

Who said behaviour is shaped by our unconscious mind and early childhood experiences?

A

Freud

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28
Q

What mechanisms can be used to gain access to your unconscious mind?

A

free association, Freudian slips

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29
Q

What order did different approaches come around ?

A

Wundt’s first experimental lab, psychodynamic approach (freud), behaviourist approach (skinner and pavlov), humanist approach, cognitive approach and biological approach

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30
Q

what did wundts psychology aim for ?

A

to study human behaviour using systematic and expirimental methods

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31
Q

How did wundt study the human mind?

A

introspection

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32
Q

Describe introspection as a method to study human behaviour:

A

Wundt attempted to isolate the structure of consciousness

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33
Q

How did Watson condition lil Albert to be afraid of white rats and other furry animals?

A

By making a loud noise that albert was afraid of whenever he reached for the rat

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34
Q

Whats an advantage/contribution of the behaviourist approach explaining behaviour?

A

By using scientific methods: lab studies. Psychology became a credible Science
Real world application e.g in school and prisons

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35
Q

Assumptions of SLT

A

people learn through meditational processes

People learn through the observation and imitation of role models

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36
Q

What type of reinforcement does SLT apply?

A

vicarious reinforcement

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37
Q

What does SLT say about behaviours regarding vicarious reinforcement?

A

Behaviours are observed and imitated only if they are rewarded for it

38
Q

What type of people do people tend to observe and imitate?

A

People they identify with (identification)

e.g role models,

39
Q

What are the requirements of role models to be imitated?

A

Good qualities that individuals want to posses

40
Q

What are the 4 meditational processes?

A

attention, retention, reproduction and motivation

41
Q

How does the motivation process within meditational processes relate to vicarious reinforcement?

A

Whether people carry it behaviours is dependent on the reward they’ll receive for it

42
Q

When does learning take place in SLT ?

A

After all meditational processes are implemented

43
Q

What a difference between behaviourism and SLT?

A

Behaviourism says if a behaviour is learnt it will be carried out however SLT takes into account personal motivations and risk factors to carrying out behaviour

44
Q

What is the key study in STL?

A

the bobo doll study

45
Q

What were the finding of the bobo doll study?

A

The girls were more verbally aggressive when they saw a female abusing the doll whereas boys were mostly just physically aggressive despite gender of adult.

46
Q

What did cognitive psychologist use to understand internal processes?

A

theoretical and computer models

47
Q

How do cognitive scientist say schemas affect our behaviour?

A

The beliefs and expectation of people tell them how to act

48
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach ?

A

Human behaviour can be explained through theoretical and computer models
Schemas affect your behaviour
The brain structure affects your behaviour

49
Q

What is a negative aspect of schema’s?

A

Distorted interpretation e.g. poor eyewitness testimonies

50
Q

What does damage to the brocas area lead to ?

A

Damaged speech production

51
Q

Where is the brocas area located ?

A

left temporal lobe

52
Q

What is a contribution of the cognitive approach ?

A

Helped develop technology such as FMRI’s and PET scans

53
Q

How does the cognitive approach study human behaviour?

A

Through inferences

54
Q

What assists in the inferences of the cognitive approach?

A

Theoretical and computer models,

55
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience within the cognitive approach say about human behaviour?

A

Brain structures influence behaviour e.g The brocas areas a

56
Q

What does damage to the wernicke’s area lead to?

A

poor speech comprehension

57
Q

What are the assumption of the biological approach?

A

Genes influence behaviour
Neurotransmitters affect behaviours
Evolution influences our behaviour

58
Q

What is your geneotype?

A

Genetic makeup

59
Q

What is your phenotype?

A

Physical characteristics

60
Q

What is your phenotype influenced by?

A

genes and environment

61
Q

What type of studies do biological psychologist conduct to observe the effects of genes on behaviour?

A

Twin studies

62
Q

How do biological psychologist study the effect of genes on twins?

A

They observe concordance rate between identical and non-identical twins

63
Q

What are concordance rates?

A

Degree of similarity

64
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

identical twins

65
Q

what are dizygotic twins?

A

non-identical

66
Q

How does evolution explain human behaviour?

A

Through natural selection psychologically advantageous traits e.g seeking fertile females or strong men have been passed through humanity.

67
Q

What did buss say about partner prefernecs.

A

Males and Females have evolved to seek certain traits from one another that enhance survival.

68
Q

What neurochemicals do biological psychologist say effect our behaviour?

A

Dopamine and Serotonin

69
Q

What would an imbalance in serotonin lead to?

A

Depression and aggression

70
Q

What is the smallest section of our mind?

A

The conscious

71
Q

Which part of our mind can be consciously recalled?

A

Conscious and pre-conscious

72
Q

What is free association?

A

Free association is a patient’s effort to say whatever comes to mind without editing.

73
Q

What is a freudian slip?

A

A method psychoanalysis in which an error in speech, occurs due to interference of an unconscious thought.

74
Q

What are the 3 components of memory?

A

id,ego,superego

75
Q

When does the id develop?

A

from birth

76
Q

When does the ego develop?

A

2 years

77
Q

What principle is the id?

A

the pleasure principle

78
Q

characteristic of the id?

A

Selfish, impatient, self-centered

79
Q

What principle is the ego?

A

reality principle

80
Q

characteristic of the ego?

A

mediator, strives to satisfy the id’s desires

81
Q

How does the ego reduce the conflict between the id and the superego?

A

defence mechanisms

82
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms?

A

denial, repression, displacement

83
Q

What principle is the superego?

A

morality principle

84
Q

characteristic of the superego?

A

represent the moral standards of our parents, suppresses the id, opposite of id

85
Q

When does the superego develop?

A

5 years

86
Q

How does the superego punish people when its needs aren’t met?

A

guilt

87
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages in order?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

88
Q

What conflict can occur during the anal stage?

A

poor potty training

89
Q

What conflict can occur during the phallic stage?

A

oedipus complex

90
Q

What conflict can occur during the oral stage?

A

breast feeding weaning too early

91
Q

What approach rejected both the behaviourist and psychodynamic approach?

A

humanistic approach

92
Q

What did the humanistic approach emphasise?

A

The importance of free will and self-determination

Pyschology (7 decks)

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