APPROACHES 1.0 Flashcards
what are the 5 key approaches in psychology?
cognitive approach
learning approach
biological approach
psychodynamic approach
Humanistic
explain wundts contribution to psychology
Wundt is known as the father of psychology
opened first psych lab in germany leipzig 1879
published first book on psychology
promoted the use of introspection as a way of studying internal mental processes
hiswork later paved way for later controlled research + study of mental processes -> cognitive psychologists
what technique did wundt use to inv human mind?
introspection
-> process in which a person gains knowledge about smones mental or emotional state
-> e.g by asking
each p given carefully controlled stimuli + standardised instructions to ensure repl
-> asked p to notice sensations, feelings + images
-> his aim was to break thoughts about an object into sep elements + help him develop a systematic reporting of an experience of an object
-> called structuralism
+ of introspection
easy + simple method.. provides direct observation of mental processes. introspec only method by which p can be directly aware of own exps to analyse thoughts
relatively quick-> no lab specialist or complex machinery req
… take place anywhere at any time
- of introspec
- p expected to perform 2 activities simultaneously-> must exp own mental processes+analyse what these exp r like. -> p acting as “observed” then “observer” which the distorts their mental exp… introspec may not refl the true nature of mental activities
- findings of 1 p cannot be generalised to understanding the mental activity of another.. overall theory about mental processes cannot be devised as MP differ from 1 p to another
- introspec lacks empirical evidence … method lacks scientific validity and scientific credibility -> less useful when constructing theories
explain how psychology emerged as a science
later psycholgists rejected introspec arguiing that it did not provide empirical eidence .. was not scientifically robust
psych from behavourist approach argued it should be more scientifically rigourous .. focusing only on observable behvrs -> skinner box -> rat pulling lever
what are the 2 types of learning approaches
the behavourist approach
the social learning theory approach
what are the behavourist approahes (2)
classical conditioning
opperant conditioning
what was pavlovs r on classical conditioning?
pavlov inv salivatory responses in dogs
d salivated (ucr) when food presented (ucs)
when bell (NS) repeatedly presented at time food was given to d -> dog assoc bell w food .. bell becomes CS
.. when only bell is rang and food not present the d will still salivate
-> now CR
what is CC?
learning through association-> determined by Pavlov
what are the assumptions in behavourist apporach
beha learned thru interactions w environment
behavourists rejected introspec as lacked emp evid
behavourists focused on obs behavours
what other things did pavlov find out?
CR is not permanent -> if CS not present with UCS for a few times, the CR will go away
CR can be generalised where there will still be CR if the CS changed bell to a doorbell
stregnths of pavlov r?
high reliability.. study based in lab w standardised procedures use of metronome as NS
.. exp easily repl + tested for reliability to show how humans + animals learn thru association
Empirical evidence … Scientific … Valid
limitations to pavlov?
pavlov r low generalisation as he used d -> less complex than humans
-> have diff cognitive abilities + orders of processing
… inapprop to extrapolate findings on animals onto humans
what is OC?
learning thru the conseq of behaviour
a pleasant outcome or conseq will stengthen a behaviour… more liekly for human/animal to repeat
if beh has unpleasant outcome -> less likely to repeat beh
what was skinners r? pos reinforcement
developed specially designed cages-> skinner boxes
-> inorder inv conditionong in rats + pigeons
when animal acc pressed/pecked lever a food pellet would fall into cage… rats press lever more to gain more pellets
-> pos reinforcement
if the food pellets stop, rats pressed lever a few more times then gave up
waht was skinners r? neg reinforcement
skinner also set up skinner boxes w electrified flooring
.. pressing lever would enable the electric current to switch off
-> rats pressed the lever many times
-> taking away smth unpleasant -> pleasant outcome
… more liekly to repeat behaviour
-> neg reinforcement
what were skinners findings?
pos reinforcement -> involves receiving a reward.. pleasant outcome… beh more liekly to be repeated
neg reinforcement-> involves removing smth unpleasant -> pleasanst outcome … more liekly to repeat beh
neg punishment -> inv taking away smth pleasant.. unpleasant outcome .. less likely to repeat beh
pos puishment -> receive smth unpleasant.. unpleasant outcome.. less liekly to repeat beh
give e.g of pos + neg punsihment
receiving a detention for being late
confiscating phone when being on it whne not supposed to
stregnths for skinners r?
poss to achieve extremely high lvls of control when exp w rats
rats can be kept in identical cond w same food, light etc. … less liekly to be affected by extraneous v .. high internal validity
- skinner focused on observable beh -> pressing lever
.. using empirical, highly scientific app unlike introspec
.. beh can be measured accurately + reliably
-> incr scientific credibility of the findings
