Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCM II Midterm > Approach to Endocrine Topics I > Flashcards

Approach to Endocrine Topics I Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and what does it lead to

A

can range from insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance

  • ineffective transport of glucose out of blood vessels
  • Glucose levels rise in the blood (Hyperglycemia)
  • Hyperglycemia leading to end organ damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus 2

A
  • age over 45
  • BMI over 25
  • genetic
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • High risk ethnicity
  • Hypertension over 140/90
  • Dyslipidemia
  • HbA1c greater than 5.7, fasting glucose over 100
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical presentations of Diabetes Type 2

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydypsia
  • Polyphagia

rapid weight loss

  • impaired healing
  • fatigue
  • acanthosis nigricans
  • fruitybreath
  • recurrent UTI
  • Tingling, pain, numbness in extremities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the American Diabetes Association criteria for diagnosis

A
  • HbA1c greater than 6.5 percent
  • Fasting glucose over 126
  • 2 hour glucose over 200 on oral glucose tolerance test
  • Random glucose greater than 200 with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diabetic foot exam

A
  • Look callus/corn formation, breaks in skin, erythmea, dryness
  • check pulses
  • Check sensation, including vibratory sensation and monofilament testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is management of DM 2 look like

A
  • Lifestyle changes
  • oral metformin unless contraindicated
  • other oral angents
  • Insulin
  • check HbA1c every 3 months while adjusting treatment, then every 6 months when stable
  • make sure to control blood pressure and hyperlipidemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are 3 types of complication diseases associated with DM II

A

-Microvascular diseases
(retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy)

-Macrovascular diseases
(Myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease)

-Increase in infections, including unusual infections
(necrotizing fasciitis, malignant otitis externa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

DKA

  • often associated with type 1, but can present in type 2
  • mental changes
  • Nausea, vomitting, abdominal pain
  • signs of dehydration (decreased skin turgor, dry oral mucosa, tachycardia, hypotension)
  • Kussmaul respirations
  • fruity smelling breath (acetone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differences between DKA and HHS?

A

DKA:

  • Hyperglycemia- blood glucose >200
  • Metabolic acidosis -venous pH<7.3 or plasma bicarb<15
  • Ketosis, ketones in blood or urine

HHS: Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

  • marked hyperglycemia>600
  • Minimal acidosis
  • absent or mild ketosis marked elevation in serum osmolality >320
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the DKA/HHS management of this illness

A

Admit to hospital for fluid and electrolyte correction

Generally need IV fluids, IV insulin, and potassium replacement

-DO not manage as out patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

A

Immune mediated Beta cell destrction

-Common disease of CHildhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the risk factors of DM type 1

A

Genetic susceptibility

Environmental trigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clinical Presentations of DM I

A
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyuria
  • Weight loss with hyperglycemia and ketonemia or ketonria
  • DKA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are associated conditions with DM I and what is the management for DM I

A

Associated COnditions:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis
  • Celiac disease
  • Addisons disease

Management:

  • Education
  • INsulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Metabolic Syndrome

A

A constellation of metabolic abnormalities that confer increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus
-greater prevelance with increased age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are risk factors associated with Metabolic syndrome?

A
  • Overweight
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • Genetics
  • Aging
  • DM type 2
  • CVD
  • Lipodystrophy
17
Q

WHat is the ATPIII guideline for diagnosing MEtabolic syndrome

A

Any 3 of the following:

  • Abdominal obesity (circumference >40 or >35 for females)
  • Triglycerides> 150
  • HDL less than 40 in men and less than 50 in women
  • BP greater than 130/85
  • Fasting glucose greater than 100
18
Q

what are the associated conditions and management of Metabolic syndrome

A

Associated Conditions:

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver disease
  • Hyperuricemia

Management:

  • Lifestyle changes (diet and excersise)
  • Weigh loss medication
  • Weight loss surgery
  • BP medication
  • Metformin

PCM II Midterm (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions