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Psychology Paper 2 > Approach > Flashcards

Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Wundt’s role in the development of psychology (6)

A
  • Wundt known as father of psy - moved from philosophical roots to controlled research
  • Set up first psy lab in Liepzig, Germany
  • Promoted introspection as way of studying mental processes
  • Introspection - systematic analysis of own consious experience of stimulus
  • Experience analysed in terms of its components parts
  • Work paved way for later controlled research + study of mental processes
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2
Q

1900s

A
  • Early behaviourists rejected introspection
  • John B Watson argued introspection was subjective - varied person to person
  • Behaviourist approach: scientific psy should study what can be observed + measured
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3
Q

1930s

A
  • Behaviourist scientific approach dominated psy
  • BF Skinner brought lang + rigour of natural sciences to psy
  • Focused on learning + use of controlled lab studies
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4
Q

1950s

A
  • Cognitive approach used scientific procedures to study mental prcesses
  • Made inferences about mental processes on basis of tests conducted in controlled lab setting
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5
Q

1990s

A
  • Biological approach introduced technological advances
  • Recorded brain activity using scanning techniques (fMRI + EEG) + genetic research
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6
Q

What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • Focuses on observable + measurable behaviour
  • Uses lab studies to maintain control + objectivity
  • Processes that govern learning are same in all species, so animals can replace humans as experimental subjects
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7
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Learning through association

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8
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Form of learning in which behaviour is shaped + maintained by its consequences

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9
Q

Describe the research used to study classical conditioning

A
  • Pavlov - conditioned dogs to salivate when bell rings
  • Before: US (food) → UR (salivate) , NS (bell) → no response
  • During: NS + US → UR
  • After: CS (bell) → CR
  • Showed how NS can elicit new learned response through association
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10
Q

Describe the research used to study operant conditioning

A
  • Skinner - rats + pigeons in specially designed boxes
  • When rat activated lever, rewarded w/ pellet
  • Desirable consequence led to behaviour being repeated
  • If pressing lever meant avoiding electric shock, behaviour also repeated
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11
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

Producing a behaviour that avoids something unpleasant

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12
Q

Define punishment

A

Unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of consequences of behaviour?

A
  • +ve reinforcement - inc likelihood of behaviour being repeated
  • -ve reinforcement - inc likelihood of behaviour being repeated
  • Punishment - dec
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14
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Recieving a reward when behaviour is performed

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15
Q

Evaluate Behaviourism

A

(+) Gave psy scientific credibility - careful measurment of observable behaviour w/in controlled lab setting

(+) Real life application - token economy reward appropriate behaviour + exchanged for privileges - prisons

(-) Env determinist - sees behaviour as determined by past exp that have been conditioned + ignores free will

(-) Animal research has ethical issues - Skinner, animals exposed to stressful situation so affected behaviour

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16
Q

What are the key assumptions of the social learning theory?

A
  • Agree w/ behaviourist
  • However people also learn through observation + imitation w/i social context
  • Learning occurs directly + indirectly
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17
Q

Define vicarious reinforcement

A
  • Reinforcement not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for behaviour
  • Behaviour seen to be rewarded is much likely to be copied than behaviour thats punished
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18
Q

What are the 4 mediational (cognitive) processes in learning?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Motivation
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19
Q

When is imitation of a behaviour most likely to occur?

A
  • Identify w/ role model - identification
  • Role model: similar to observer
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20
Q

Outline the procedure to Bandura’s study

A
  1. Children watched either:
  • Adult behaving aggressive
  • Adult not aggressive
  • When given doll, children who saw aggression were aggressive
  1. Children saw adult who was:
  • Rewarded
  • Punished
  • No consequence
  • Aggression: 1, 3 + 2
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21
Q

Conclude Bandura’s research

A
  • Children most likely to imitate violence if observed in adult role model
  • Modelling aggressive behaviour is more likely if behaviour is rewarded
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22
Q

Define modelling

A
  • Observer’s perspective: imitating behaviour of role model
  • Role model perspective: demonstrating behaviour that may be imitated
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23
Q

Evaluate the social learning theory

A

(+) Supporting evidence - Bandura demonstrates role of identification + vicarious reinforcement

(+) Can explain cultural diff - accounts for how others learn from individuals + media, explaining how cultural norms are passed

(-) Over reliance on lab studies - children responding to demand characteristics

(-) Underestimates bio factors - boys more aggressive than girls despite conditions, more testosterone

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24
Q

What are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A
  • Contrasts behaviourist - argues mental processes should be studied
  • Mental processes: private + can’t observe so studied indirectly by making inferences
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25
Q

Define inference

A

Process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on basis of observed behaviour

26
Q

Give an example of a theoretical model when describing + explaining mental processes

A
  • Info processing approach
  • Suggests info flows through seq of stages, includes: input, storage + retrieval
  • eg. MSM
27
Q

Give the use of computer models when describing + explaining mental processes

A
  • Computer models refer to programmes that can run on computer to imitate human mind
  • By running programme, psychologists can test whether ideas about info processing are correct
28
Q

Describe the role of the schema

A
  • Mental framework of beliefs + expectations that influence cognitive processing, develop from experience
  • Bb born w/ simple motor schema for innate behaviour
29
Q

Define cognitive neuroscience

A

Scientific study of influence of the brain structure on mental processes

30
Q

Describe the use of cognitive neuroscience

A
  • Brain scanning, scientist are able to describe neurological basis of mental processing, eg. memory: episodic + semantic linked to opposite sides of prefrontal cortex
  • Also useful in establishing neurological basis of disorders
31
Q

Evaluate the cognitive approach

A

(+) Uses scientific + objective method - scientific credibility

(+) Real life application - can explain faulty thinking processes can cause depression + developed CBT

(-) Too reductionist - similarities btw human mind + computer but ignores human motivation + influence on cognition - mind more complex

(-) Lacks external validity - inferences require degree of subjectivity about abstract concept + experiments use artifical tasks

32
Q

What are the key assumptions of the biological approach?

A
  • To understand human behaviour must look at bio structures + processes w/i body: genes, neurochem + NS
  • Mind lives in brain - thoughts, feelings + behaviour have physical basis, contrasts cognitive : mind seperate from brain
33
Q

Which studies are used to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour?

A
  • Twin studies, comparing concordance rates
  • High rates among MZ than DZ is evidence of genetic basis
34
Q

Define genotype

A

Full set of genes person possesses

35
Q

Define phenotype

A

Characteristics of individual determined by both genes + env - suggests human behaviour depends on interaction of nature + nurture

36
Q

Which theory is used to explain many aspects of behaviour?

A

Natural selection

37
Q

Evaluate the biological approach

A

(+) Uses scientific methods - experimental methods: highly controlled

(+) Real life application - understanding biochem processes has led to drug development

(-) Causation correlation - explains cause of mental illness through imbalance of NT, conclusion reached bc drugs that inc NT reduces symptoms

(-) Reductionist - bio exp of depression suggests its caused by low serotonin, ignores other factors

38
Q

What does Freud suggest the mind is made up of?

A
  • Conscious - what we are aware of
  • Pre-conscious - thoughts we become aware of through dreams + slips of tongue
  • Unconscious - vast storehouse of bio drives + instincts that influence our behaviour
39
Q

What does the tripartive structure of personality include?

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
40
Q

Define Id

A

Primative part of personality, operates on pleasure principle, demands instant gratification

41
Q

Define ego

A

Works on reality principle + mediator btw id + superego

42
Q

Define superego

A

Internalised sense of right + wrong, based on morality principle, punishes ego through guilt

43
Q

Define the psychosexual stages

A

5 developmental stages that children pass through. Each stage theres a diff conflict, outcome determines future development

44
Q

Oral

A
  • 0-1 years
  • Mouth, mother’s breast is object of desire
  • Consequence: smoking, biting, sarcastic
45
Q

Anal

A
  • 1-3 years
  • Anus, gains pleasure holding + eliminating faeces
  • Consequence:
  1. Retentive - perfectionist
  2. Expulsive - messy
46
Q

Phallic

A
  • 3-5 years
  • Genital focus
  • Consquence: narcissistic, reckless
47
Q

Latency

A

Earlier conflicts are repressed

48
Q

Genital

A
  • Puberty
  • Sexual desire become conscious
49
Q

Explain oedipus complex

A
  • Phallic stage
  • Boys develop incestuous feelings towards mother + hatred for father, repress feelings + identify w/ father on gender roles + moral values
  • Girls: penis envy (electra complex)
50
Q

What are the defense mechanisms used by the ego to reduce anxiety?

A
  • Repression - forcing distressing memory out conscious mind
  • Denial - refusing to acknowledge reality
  • Displacement - transferring feelings from true source to substitute target
51
Q

Evaluate the psychodynamic approach

A

(+) Explanatory power - dominant force in psy 1st half of 20th century, applied to many areas: personality

(+) Real life application - development of psychoanalysis, access unconscious using hypnosis + dream analysis

(-) Can’t be falsified - id + oedipus complex are in unconscious so can’t be tested - pseudoscience

(-) Pyschic determinism - explains behaviour as determined by unconscious conflict rooted in childhood - no free will

52
Q

What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Rejects attempt to establish scientific principles of human behaviour
  • All unique + psy should concern itself w/ study of subjective experience than general laws - person centred approach
  • Self-actualisation: all want to reach full potential
53
Q

Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • Humans have innate tendency to achieve full potential
  • To do this, must meet all levels of deficiency needs: physiological needs, safety + security needs, love + belongingness + self-esteem
  • Personal growth: developing + changing as person become fulfilled, satisfied + goal orientated
54
Q

What is Roger’s concept of congruence?

A
  • Personal growth achieved when self is congruent w/ ideal self
  • Gap too big = incongruence + self actualisation isn’t possible
55
Q

Where is incongruence rooted?

A
  • Childhood
  • Parents love is limited - conditions of worth
56
Q

What does a client centred therapy involve?

A
  • Genuiness, empathy + unconditional +ve regard
  • Aim: inc feelings of self worth + reduce incongruence btw self + ideal self
57
Q

Evaluate the humanistic approach

A

(+) Anti reductionist - advocates holism - subjective exp can only be understood by considering whole person

(+) Promotes +ve image of human condition - Freud saw humans: slaves of past, offers optimistic alt

(-) Limited application in real world - lacks sound evidence, loose set of abstract concepts

(-) Western culture bias - personal growth seen as selfish in collectivist

58
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A
  • B: NU - blank slate
  • SLT: NU - blank slate
  • C: half - acknowledges innate processes but env influence schema
  • B: NA
  • P: half - innate drive but parents behaviour affect children
  • H: doesn’t believe debate is valid however innate drive to self actualise, aided by env
59
Q

Reductionist vs Holism

A
  • B: env red - simplifies to stimulus-response
  • SLT: red - simplifies to imitation but acknowledges cognitive factors
  • C: mach red - human behaviour = computer
  • B: bio red - genetics
  • P: holism - many elements needed to explain behaviour eg. parents + personality
  • H: holism
60
Q

Determinism vs Free will

A
  • B: env det - influenced by external forces
  • SLT: reciprocal det - level of choice can + can influence env
  • C: soft det - element of choice
  • B: bio det - genes, DNA influence behaviour
  • P: psychic det - unconscious mind determines behaviour
  • H: free will - choice over decision
61
Q

Idiographic vs Nomothetic

A
  • B, SLT, C, B: Nom - seeks to establish laws
  • P: both - idio bc uses case studies, nom bc applies to larger group
  • H: idio - subjective experience for each individual

Psychology Paper 2 (2 decks)

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