Appraisal final Flashcards
parts of increment borer
handle, bit, spoon/extractor
Short-logger
Logging truck with pup capable of carrying logs 12-24’
Long-logger
Logging truck capable of carrying logs 32-44’, 35 tons
Mule-train
Logging truck carries 32-40’ logs with pup that carries 12-16’ logs
Forest inventory
Systematic data collection of forest information used for analysis and assessment
Reasons to maintain forest inventory system
-Timber value
-Fire risk assessment
-Wildlife habitat
-Stand structure assessment
-Carbon monitoring
Log sort
Classification of a log/log segment by product utilization, often defined by the intended destination of the log
Types of logs for logs sort
-domestic sawlog
-export log
-pulp
-peeler/veneer
-pole
Slope correction - Horizontal distance
true geographical distance between two objects, independent of slope (Most forestry measurements are based on horizontal distance)
Slope correction - slope distance
Distance between two objects by following a sloped surface
Scribner board feet
based on log diagrams that were converted to a chart
Volume by ton
A way of paying loggers based on the gross tonnage of wood delivered to a mill.
Standard for pulpwood.
An alternative to using weight to measure harvested wood.
Scaling cylinder
projected cylinder extending the scaling length of the log segment with identical diameters on both ends that match the small end diameter of the log being measured
Stand
An area of forest with common characteristics
Common stand characteristics
-Tree species
-Age
-TPA
Fixed plot
Measures all trees that fall in boundary of a plot.
Trees in plot are determined by their location.
Each sampled tree represents constant number of TPA, regardless of size.
BA formula
0.005454 x (DBH^2)
Tree factor for variable plots
TF = BAF/BA
PRF/limiting distance
Unique to each BAF
Multiplies DBH by PRF to get distance in feet
If distance from tree crosses plot center, tree is “in”
Common cruising measurements
- In/out trees
- Species
- DBH
- Total height
- Merch/bole height
- Form factor
- % live crown
- Log defects
- Log sort
- Log grade
- Log segments
How to use scribner chart
- Determine small end diameter
- Determine length of log
- Determine deductions
- Find intersecting volume on chart
Impacts to overrrun/underrun
- Accuracy of scaler
- Saw kerf/target size (the width of the saw blade)
- Products manufactured
- Sawmill efficiency
- Log size
- Log taper
- Amount of defect
Sawlog
Log that is sawn into lumber
Chip’n’saw
Log with 5” small end diameter that can make one 4x4 of lumber per length
Excess is sawdust/pellets
Pulp
Low quality or undersized timber used to make pulp for paper products
Oversize
Log that is too big for sawmill capacity/capability
Measured on the butt end
Pole
Logs with little to no defects.
Taper is balanced.
DF and WRC most common species.
Peeler
High quality log with no defects that is rotated and shaved into thin sheets.
Clear-face stock.
Common log grades for DF
Peeler no. 1 - no. 2 - no. 3
Special mill/sawlog 1
Sawlog #2 - #3 - #4
Outer bark
Trees protection from outside world.
Renewed from within tree.
Keeps moisture out during rain, prevents moisture loss when air is dry.
Insulates against cold and heat.
Protects against insects.
Inner bark
The phloem where food is carried through the tree.
Lives for a short time, then dies and turns to cork to become outer bark.
Cambium cell layer
Growing part of the the trunk that annually produces new bark and wood.
Sapwood
Tree’s pipeline for water moving up to leaves.
New wood.
Eventually turns to heartwood.
Heartwood
Central, supporting pillar of tree.
Dead, but will not decay or lose strength as long as outer layers are intact.
Composite of hollow, needlelike cellulose fibers glued together by lignin.
Strong as steel.
A piece that is 12’x1”x2” can support 20 tons.
Heartwood vs. sapwood
Heartwood has different lumber qualities than sapwood.
Pith
Center of tree where original stem grew
Growth rings - general
Tighter rings = denser wood.
Higher quality wood = more growth rings per horizontal inch.
More growth rings per inch indicates slower growing wood.
Not a concern with softer woods like Red Cedar or White pine.
Growth rings - springwood
First wood that grows after bud burst.
Grows in springtime.
Lighter color rings.
Wood cells are less dense, less strong.
Growth rings - summerwood
Grows in hotter drier conditions.
More dense than springwood.
Darker rings.
Lumber grades - clear
Knot free. No blemishes.
Lumber grades - structural lumber
Has necessary structural integrity to withstand heavy loads.
Used in framing, beams, load-bearing element.
Knots permitted as long as sound, firm, tight, and well-spaced.
Generally requires 8 growth rings per inch or more.
Lumber grades - studs
Low quality lumber still used in construction.
Strength and stiffness suitable for vertical walls.
Station
100’ of road
Whitewood
Any NW Conifer species that is NOT
DF
Spruce
Cedar
Landing
Area where logs are yarded to to be processed, decked, and loaded onto trucks.
Shovel logging
Most common harvest system.
Logs are moved using machines that successively moves trees from one pile to another towards the landing.
Cable logging
Uses an overhead system of winch-driven cables by attaching logs with chokers to drag logs to the landing area.
Choker
Piece of cable wrapped around the log to yarding cables to transport to the landing.
Choker setter/ rigging crew
Workers that wrap chokers around trees/logs
Feller-buncher
Grabs tree and cuts it
Can lay tree wherever it wants.
Variable plot cruise
Uses an instrument to determine which trees are in plot.
In trees are determined by tree size.
Tower yarder
Uses guylines to anchor in place.
Used for steep slopes.
Can yard logs 2000’.
Yoder
Similar to swing yarder but has jointed boom.
More flexible but cannot hold as much weight as swing yarder.
Swing yarder
Smaller cable yarding system.
Machine turns at top to set load on the landing.
Used for shorter distances - 100’ - 800’.
Does not need guylines.
Cannot yard as much weight as tower yarder.
Weight of cable yarding turn is called “payload.”
Forwarder
Used in commercial thinning.
Moves through unit, collects logs into bunk attached to machine.
Transports bunks back to landing.
Tethered logging
Feller-buncher or shovel is lowered down mountain by a cable.
Anchoring machine at top landing spools out more cable to lower the feller-buncher or shovel.
Used on steep slopes.
Moves a machine, not the logs.
Shovel
Tracked equipment with grapple on end.
Moves logs from forest to landing.
Loads log trucks.
Processor
Cuts trees into logs.
Measures lengths and diameters with sensors and computer program that show where optimal cuts are.
Ideal for grabbing and processing logs quickly.
Harvester
Combines feller-buncher and processor.
Cuts down tree, cuts into logs, delimbs.
Slower than feller-buncher.
Slower than processor.
Used in commercial thin,
Whole tree yarding
Wrapping chokers around the entire cut tree
Fell and buck
Tree is felled, then loggers tape is used to measure and handcut the logs.
Stumpage sale
Timber sale for timber that is uncut, unyarded, unshipped.
Winner has to determine how to cut, yard, and ship wood to mill.
Delivered log sale
Timber owner is paid by deliveries to the mill.
Lump sum
Bidder pays one sum for stumpage sale
By scale/pay as cut
Sale is based on pricers per unit volume after log scaling at the mill.
Sustained yield
Should provide flow of products that is not diminished over time.
Growth and harvest are balanced over extended period of time (several rotations of harvests)
Area method - sustained yield
Divides forest into as many areas of equally productive capacity as there are years in the rotation.
Cuts one area each year.
If equal in area but not productivity, annual yield will vary but forest will be sustainable.
Volume method - sustained yield
Determine allowable annual or periodic cut in terms of volume regarding
Growing stock - current and desired
Rates of growth - current and potential
Diameter distribution - sustained yield
Similar to volume method, but is more applicable to uneven-aged management
Growth models
Used to make predictions of future growth and yield based on management objectives.
Allows to track changes in growth, mortality, and ingrowth over time.
Timber Inventory Software - SuperACE
- Used to enter, store, and process timber cruise data
- Forest Land Inventory Planning System - creates flexible and friendly approach to forest inventory management
- Includes growth capability for single stands and entire ownerships. SuperACE/FLIPS links GIS shapefiles to provide integrated management package.
Swiss needle cast
Foliage disease.
Only affects DF.
Symptoms: yellow or sparse needles.
Can cause reduced diameters or height. Reduces ability to photosynthesize.
Occurs along the coast.
Spores dispersed by wind.
Laminated root rot
Caused by fungus, responsible for annual estimated volume loss of 32 million cubic feet of DF.
Causes growth loss, butt decay, mortality, uprooting.
Affects DF, WH, True firs
Hardwoods immune.
Mistletoe
Parasitic plants that live on bark.
Seeds can shoot up to 50’.
Can reduce tree growth, increase wildfire risk.
Creates good habitat.
White pine blister rust
Spread through spores produced by ribes species.
Infected through stomata by fungus.
Forms cankers on bark.
Can cause whole tree mortality.
Unstable slopes
- Deep seated landslides
- Groundwater recharge to glacial deep-seated landslide
- Inner gorges
- Bedrock hollows
Stream buffers
Shoreline - S - 100’, depends on site class
Fish - F - 100’, depends on site class
Non-fish bearing - Np - year round flow - 50% of stream length to 50’ buffer on both sides
Non-fish bearing - Ns - seasonal flow - no buffer, 30’ equipment limitation zone
Basal area of tree
Cross-sectional area of a single tree at DBH.
Basal area per Acre
Amount of area of an acre that is occupied by tree stems.
Random sampling
Assumes the location of each sampled is randomly determined.
Systematic sampling
Assumes the location of the sampled area is dependent on the location of the first sampled area.
Count plot
In trees are counted and recorded by species. Sometimes DBH is taken.
Measure/cruise plot
In trees are counted and measured for DBH, height, bole/merch height, grades, percent crown, log segments, defects.
Form point
Point at which the tree’s bole shape turns from convex to concave. Usually set at 16 feet from stump height.
Form factor
Ratio of taper measured by form point to DBH. Divide form point by DBH.
Preferred lengths
The log lengths a given mill prefers. 90% of logs delivered should be preferred lengths
Log trim
Extra amount of length to add to account for wood loss through manufacturing.
