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Assessment - Chapter 3 notes - Drummond > Appraisal - Chapter 3 notes - Drummond > Flashcards

Appraisal - Chapter 3 notes - Drummond Flashcards

1
Q

statistic

A

numerical representation of information

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2
Q

descriptive statistics

A

type of statistics that play a role in interpreting instrument scores; used to describe and summarize large amounts of data

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3
Q

frequency

A

simplest descriptive statistic used in assessment; the count of occurrences of a particular test score

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4
Q

mean, median, frequency and mode

A

3 types of frequencies in assessment

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5
Q

inferential statistics

A

used when we want to make inferences about a large group of people by examining characteristics about randomly selected subgroups from populations

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6
Q

populations

A

large groups of people

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7
Q

variable

A

anything can take on more than one value; can be visible (gender, eye color) or invisible (personality, intelligence or aptitude)

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8
Q

measurement

A

process of assigning numbers or symbols to represent objects, traits or behaviors (variables) according to a set of logical rules

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9
Q

scales of measurement

A

ways in which variables are defined and characterized

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10
Q

nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

A

4 scales of measurement

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11
Q

magnitute

A

inherent order of numbers form smaller to larger

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12
Q

equal intervals

A

equal distance between adjacent points on the scale

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13
Q

absolute/true zero

A

point representing the absence of the property being measured

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14
Q

nominal scale

A

used to describe qualitative variables that can be categorized based on one or more distinguishing characteristics; only represents names and has non of the 3 qualities of scales of measurement

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15
Q

no absolute zero point

A

no absence of the variable being measured

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16
Q

internal locus of control

A

individuals with this tend to attribute outcomes of events to their own control

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17
Q

external locus of control

A

individuals with this tend to attribute outcomes of events to external circumstances

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18
Q

Nowicki-Strickland scale

A

measures locus of control; low scores indicate internality; high scores indicate externality

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19
Q

distribution

A

a set of scores

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20
Q

frequency of distribution

A

takes a disorganized set of scores and places them in order, usually on a table or graph

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21
Q

group

A

series of scores vs. individual ones; class interval

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22
Q

graph

A

diagram or chart made up of lines, points, bars or other symbols that give a pictorial representation of the distribution of test scores

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23
Q

histogram

A

graph that uses vertical lines and bars to portray distribution of test scores

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24
Q

x axis

A

abscissa; horizontal axis representing class intervals

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25
Q

y axis

A

ordinate axis; represents frequencies of scores appearing at each class interval

26
Q

frequency polygon

A

variation of the hisotgram; bars are replaced by lines connecting the midpoint of each class interval

27
Q

symmetrical distribution

A

each side of the curve is a mirror image of the other

28
Q

skewed

A

frequency curve that’s not symmetrical; something out of proportion

29
Q

positively skewed

A

majority of scores fell near the lower end of scale

30
Q

negatively skewed

A

majority of students scoring poorly on a test

31
Q

kurtosis

A

statistic that reflects the peakedness or flatness of a distribution relative to a normal distribution

32
Q

meskurtic, leptokurtic or platykurtic

A

3 types of distributions

33
Q

measures of central tendency

A

ways to describe a distribution based on the typical or average performance of test scores

34
Q

mean, median and mode

A

3 common measures of central tendency

35
Q

mean

A

the most frequently used measure of central tendency; the arithmetic average score in a distribution; used with interval or ratio scales and whenever additional statistical analysis is needed

36
Q

total the test scores and divide the sum by the number of individuals who took the test

A

how mean is calculated

37
Q

median

A

the middle score or the score that divides the distribution in half

38
Q

mode

A

score of numerical value that appears most frequently in a set of scores

39
Q

outliers

A

extreme scores

40
Q

variability

A

degree that scores are spread out and differ from one another

41
Q

measures of variability

A

statistics that describe the dispersion of scores

42
Q

range, variance and standard deviation

A

3 commonly used measures of variability

43
Q

range

A

quick measure of the spread of scores

44
Q

subtracting the lowest score from the highest score

A

how the range is computed

45
Q

variance

A

the average amount of variability in the group of scores

46
Q

standard deviation

A

most frequently used measure of variability; the avg. distance of test scores from the mean

47
Q

normal curve/distribution or bell curve

A

visual representation of an ideal or theoretical distribution consisting of an infinite number of scores; based on probability theory

48
Q

measure of relationship

A

shows the degree of relationship or correlation between 2 variables or scors

49
Q

correlation coefficient

A

statistic used to measure correlation

50
Q

positive correlation

A

2 variables move in the same direction

51
Q

negative correlation

A

2 variables move in opposite or inverse directions

52
Q

strength

A

magnitude of the relationship between 2 variables

53
Q

perfect positive correlation

A

higher values on one variable directly relate to higher values on the second variable

54
Q

regression

A

statistical method related to correlation; primarily used for prediction; an analysis of relationships among variables for understanding how 1 variable might predict another

55
Q

simple linear regression

A

regression analysis used to predict the value of one variable

56
Q

regression line or line of best fit

A

represents the association between the 2 variables that illustrates the linear relationship between them

57
Q

error

A

deviation of the points from the line

58
Q

multiple regression

A

same as a simple linear regression except that it attempts to predict the dependent variable by a set of independent variables

59
Q

factor analysis

A

analyzes the relationship between variables but not for purposes of predicting a dependent variable; objective it so simplify the description data by reducing the # of necessary variables

60
Q

data-reduction technique

A

used to analyze relationships between large #’s of variables

Assessment - Chapter 3 notes - Drummond (1 decks)

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