Applied Science Unit 1 Flashcards
What is the maximum number of electrons in the first electron shell?
2
What is the maximum number of electrons in the second electron shell?
8
What is the maximum number of electrons in the third electron shell?
18
What is the maximum number of electrons in the fourth electron shell?
32
What is the maximum number of electrons in the fifth electron shell?
50
What are orbitals?
Regions where there is a 95% probability of locating an electron. An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
What does the Aufbau principle state?
Electrons fill the orbital with the lowest available energy state in relation to the proximity to the nucleus before filling orbitals with higher energy states.
How many electrons does a sodium atom contain?
11 electrons
What is the electron arrangement of a sodium atom?
281
What are the types of orbitals?
s, p, d, and f orbitals.
What is the significance of half arrows in electron structures?
Half arrows are used to represent each electron in the orbital, indicating that each electron will have a different spin.
What is the nucleus of an atom?
The nucleus is at the center of an atom and contains protons and neutrons.
What are energy shells?
Energy shells are layers surrounding the nucleus where electrons are located.
What is the mass of an electron?
The mass of an electron is almost 0.
How do electrons behave in orbitals?
Electrons have the same charge and repel each other, filling orbitals singly until all are occupied.
What is electron configuration?
Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons in an atom or molecule.
What are the two possible spin states of electrons?
Electrons have two possible states: ‘spin up’ and ‘spin down’.
What is the first rule for writing electron structures?
Half arrows represent each electron in the orbitals, drawn facing up and down.
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
The first shell can hold two electrons in an s-type orbital.
What does the second shell consist of?
The second shell consists of one s-type orbital and three p-type orbitals.
What does the third shell consist of?
The third shell consists of one s-type orbital, three p-type orbitals, and five d-type orbitals.
How do electrons fill orbitals?
Electrons fill the lowest energy level orbitals first.
What happens when there are several orbitals of the same energy?
Electrons will occupy different orbitals wherever possible.
What is the electronic structure of nitrogen?
1s² 2s² 2p³
What is the electronic structure of a sodium atom?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹
What is one task of a lab technician?
To make up solutions ready for experiments.
Why do different compounds dissolve in different solvents?
It depends on the type of bonding in the compound.
What do noble gases have that makes them stable?
Full outer shells of electrons.
What happens to elements that do not have full outer shells?
They react to gain stable electronic configurations.
What occurs during ionic bonding?
An atom loses one or more electrons to another atom.
What charge does the atom that loses electrons acquire?
It becomes positively charged.
What charge does the atom that gains electrons acquire?
It becomes negatively charged.
What is an example of ionic bonding?
The bonding in sodium chloride (NaCl).
What does sodium lose to become Na⁺?
It loses the electron in its outer shell.
What is the electron configuration of Na⁺?
It has the same electron configuration as neon.
What is the electron configuration of Cl⁻?
It has the same electron configuration as argon.
What is the attraction between Na⁺ and Cl⁻ due to?
The opposite charges on the ions.
