Applied Science Chemistry Flashcards
How many electrons can fit into each of the first, second, third, and fourth shells?
1st - 2 (1s)
2nd- 8 (2s 2p)
3rd - 18 (3s 3p 3d)
4th - 32 (4s 4p 4d 4f)
How many electrons can fit into an orbital?
2
How many electrons can fit
into a single p orbital?
All single orbitals can hold 2 electrons.
How many electrons can fit into
a set of p orbitals?
There are 3 p orbitals in a set, so it will hold a total of 6 electrons.
What is an ionic bond?
An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion.
What is a cation?
A positive ion.
What is an anion?
A negative ion.
How is a cation formed?
A metal atom loses electrons.
Group 1 metals become +1.
Group 2 metals become +2.
How are anions formed?
Non-metals form anions when they gain electrons.
For example: F-, Cl-, O2-
What influences the strength of an ionic bond?
The strength of the bond depends on the ionic radius (size of the ions)
and the charge on the ions.
Smaller radius gives a stronger bond.
Greater charge gives a stronger bond.
What is a covalent bond?
The electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
How can you tell if the bonding is ionic or covalent by looking at the molecular formula or the name of a compound?
Metal + Non-metal is ionic bonding.
Non-metal + non-metal is covalent bonding.
What is the formula for a nitrate ion?
NO3-
What is the formula for the carbonate ion?
CO32-
What is the formula for the sulfate ion?
SO42-
What is the formula for a hydroxide ion?
OH-
What is the formula for the
ammonium ion?
NH4+
What is the charge on a zinc ion?
Zn2+
What is the charge on a silver ion?
Ag+
What charge do the following metals have when they are ions:
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr.
They are all in Group 1, so they all have a +1 charge:
H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and Fr+
What charge do the following metals have when they are ions:
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra.
They are all in Group 2, so they all
have a +2 charge:
Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Ra2+.
What is the charge on the following non-metals when they are ions:
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and As2..
They are all in Group 7, so they all have a 1- charge.
(They need one more electron to make 8, a full outer shell).
F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, and As-
What is the charge on an oxygen ion?
Oxygen is in Group 6 so it needs 2 more electrons to make 8 for a full outer shell. Therefore it has a -2 charge: O2-
Name the three types of bonding.
Ionic (metal + non-metal)
Covalent (non-metal + non-metal)
Metallic (metals on their own)
(Do not include hydrogen bonding in the 3 main types of bonding. H bonds are intermolecular forces.)
What is a lone pair?
A lone pair is a non-bonding pair of electrons.
What are delocalised electrons?
Electrons that are free to move. There are delocalized electrons in metallic structure which is why metals conduct electricity.
What is the term for the attraction or repulsion between neighboring molecules.
Intermolecular Forces
What is a dipole?
The separation of charges within a covalent molecule.
(One end of the molecule is slightly positive and the other end is slightly negative.)
Van der Waals forces is another term for what?
Intermolecular forces.
Water has some unusual properties including a high melting and boiling point. Why?
Water forms hydrogen bonds.
When do hydrogen bonds form?
When there is a lone pair of electrons that can attract a hydrogen.
Oxygen and Nitrogen have lone pairs. If the molecules have either oxygen or nitrogen and there is also hydrogen, then hydrogen bonds will form.
Define the term mole.
A unit of substance equivalent to the number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12.
What is molar mass (Mr)?
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
