APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY - Foundation Flashcards
What are the 4 main types of tissue in organs?
What are the 4 main types of tissue in organs?
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Connective
- Nervous
The cells of tissues differ in which 2 ways?
The cells of tissues differ in which 2 ways?
- Size
- Shape
What are the 4 shapes of epithelial tissue?
What are the 4 shapes of epithelial tissue?
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Transitional
What are the 2 ways epithelial tissue can be arranged?
What are the 2 ways epithelial tissue can be arranged?
- Simple
- Stratified
What is an example of the below in the human body:
Simple squamous tissue
Stratified squamous tissue
Simple columnar
What is an example of the below in the human body:
- Simple squamous tissue = Alveoli of the lungs
- Stratified squamous tissue = Epidermis
- Simple columnar = Stomach lining
Name the 5 types of connective tissue
Name the 5 types of connective tissue
- Rigid (bone)
- Firm rubber (cartilage)
- Strong & flexible (ligiments & tendons)
- Liquid (blood)
- Loose (skin)
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- Smooth
- Cardiac
- Smooth
What are the 2 types of nervous cell?
What are the 2 types of nervous cell?
- Neuron
- Neuroglia
In blood there are 3 major components (red cells, plasma, white cells & platelets) in what percent’s are they found?
In blood there are 3 major components (red cells, plasma, white cells & platelets) in what percent’s are they found?
- plasma 55%
- red cells 45%
- <1% white cells & platelets
What is the function of red blood cells?
What is the function of red blood cells?
- Transportation of oxygen & carbon dioxide (they live 100-120 days)
What are the characteristics of muscles?
What are the characteristics of muscles?
- Excitability
- Elasticity
- Contractibility
- Extendibility
- Adaptability
Describe and name the 4 major structures of a muscle?
Describe and name the 4 major structures of a muscle?
- Epimysium – surrounds the whole muscle, keeping it together
- Fascicle – Bundle of muscle fibres inside the epimysium
- Perimysium – sheath surrounding the fascicles.
- Endomysium – sheath surrounding muscle fibres.
Describe the structures of a muscle fibre Myofibril Sarcolemma Sarcoplasma T-Tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Myofiliments Sarcomere
Describe the structures of a muscle fibre
Myofibril – these contain the contractile elements of the muscle called sarcolemma
Sarcolemma – plasma membrane lining the fibre
Sarcoplasma – fluid inside the fibre
T-Tubules – network of connected tubes allowing nerve impulse transmission
Sarcoplasmic reticulum – tubes storing calcium
Myofiliments – (thick = myosin) (thin = actin)
Sarcomere – unit of myofibril
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Describe the circulatory system?
Describe the circulatory system?
- The circulatory system is a CLOSED circuit of blood vessels, around which blood is pumped by the heart.
What are the structures within the heart, (4) and their locations?
What are the structures within the heart, and their locations?
- septum – the wall between the atria & ventria
- endocardium – smooth tissue lining the chambers
- pericardium – the hearts outer layer
- myocardium – the muscle tissue the heart is composed of.
There are 4 valves within the heart, name and explain them.
There are 4 valves within the heart, name and explain them.
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves
- mitral (bicuspid)
- Tricuspid
- Semi lunar (SL) valves
- Pulmonary
- aortic
Describe the LUB, DUB sound effects root cause in the heart.
Describe the LUB, DUB sound effects root cause in the heart.
- LUB is the sound of the AV valves closing ( ventricles contract)
- DUB is the sound of the SL valves closing (ventricles relaxing)
Name the 5 types of blood vessel?
Name the 5 types of blood vessel?
- Artery
- Arterioles
- Capilleries
- veins
- venules
Describe the function of capilleries ?
Describe the function of capilleries ?
- capillaries have one layer and facilitate the exchange of gases, liquids and other substances
Describe the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle.
Describe the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle.
- systole (contraction lasting 0.5 sec)
- Diastole (relaxation lasting 0.3 sec)
Define the following terms:
- Stroke volume
- Cardiac output
Define the following terms:
- Stroke volume (SV): Blood pumped in one singular beat (SV X HR= CO)
- Cardiac output (CO): Blood pumped (from left ventricle) per minute
Name the hearts built in conduction system for co-ordinating contractions? (4)
Name the hearts built in conduction system for co-ordinating contractions?
- Sinoatrial Node
- Atrioventricular node
- Atrioventricular Bundle (bundle of his)
- purkinje fibres
What is the major modifier to the SA activity within the cardiac cycle?
What is the major modifier to the SA activity within the cardiac cycle?
- Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) inhibitory
- Sympathetic (cardiac nerve) excitatory
Describe blood pressure.
Describe blood pressure.
- Blood pressure is the difference between the mean pressure in the aorta and vena carva.
The body comprises of which 2 communication systems?
The body comprises of which 2 communication systems?
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system, and what are they comprised of?
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system, and what are they comprised of?
- CNS (brain, spinal cord)& PNS (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic & somatic nerves, sensory n
Within a neuron we have various components, name them (6).
Within a neuron we have various components, label them.
- dendrite
- node of ranvier
- nucleus
- cell body
- Schwann cell (produce myelination)
- Mitochondria
What are the three types of neuron and describe their function.
What are the three types of neuron and describe their function.
- Efferent: go from the brain/spinal cord to stimulate a muscle or organ.
- Afferent: Deliver sensory information from the extremities to the brain/spinal cord.
- Inter neurons: cells which relay messages between neurons
What are the 4 major subdivisions of the brain?
- C
- C
- D
- B
What are the 4 major subdivisions of the brain?
- Cerebellum - Co-ordination. posture, balance
- Cerebrum - thinking, memory, sensation (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
- Diencephalon - sensations to emotions, homeostasis (Hypothalamus, thalamus)
- Brain stem - balance, equilibrium, co-ordination. control of movement (communicates between cerebellum and cerebrum)
The Central nervous system specialises in three functions, what are they?
The Central nervous system specialises in three functions, what are they?
- Irritability: Ability to respond to stimuli
- Integration: ability to analyse information in order to generate behaviour/s.
- Communication: the ability to send and receive Information, with the appropriate response.
The brain is broken into 4 major subdivisions, what are their sub sections. - Cerebellum: - Cerebrum: 2 hemispheres Left & Right each contains 1. 2. 3. 4. - Diencephalon: 1. 2. 3. 4. - Brain stem: 1. 2. 3.
- Cerebellum: communicates cerebrum & brain stem.
- Cerebrum: 2 hemispheres Left & Right each contains
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Diencephalon:
1. Hypothamlus
2. Thalmus
3. Pituitary
4. Pineal - Brain stem:
1. Pons
2. Medulla oblongata
3. Midbrain
A spinal nerve has 2 points of attachment, what are they?
A spinal nerve has 2 points of attachment, what are they?
- Anterior root (sensory)
- Posterior root (motor)
What is the composition of the spinal nerves?
And how many total pairs are there ?
What is the composition of the spinal nerves?
- 8 / 12 / 5 / 5 / 1
31 pairs
Describe the all or nothing principal relating to nerves?
Describe the all or nothing principal relating to nerves?
- Determines that there will either be a full response or not a response and this is determined by the nerve threshold.
Describe the absolute refractory period.
Describe the absolute refractory period.
- When an action potential is being generated, the neuron cannot respond to another.
Explain saltatory conduction.
Explain saltatory conduction.
- The process of accelerated depolarisation of a neuron via the myelinated sheathes, bouncing between the nodes of ranvier to the synapse.
Explain resting membrane potential.
Explain resting membrane potential.
- The cell membrane at rest has a negative potassium charge, and outside positively charged sodium the difference between the two is called resting membrane potential.
Name the 4 components of a Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Name the 4 components of a Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
- Presynaptic axon terminals
- synaptic cleft
- synaptic gutter
- motor endplate
Describe depolarisation of the muscle.
Describe depolarisation of the muscle.
- The neurotransmitters enter the motor end plates neuroreceptors
- neurotransmitters bind to the neuroreceptors in the sarcolemma
- depolarisation occurs and positively charged sodium enters the muscle
- an action potential is formed and releases calcium from the T-tubules.
What are the effects of a warm-up?
What are the effects of a warm-up?
- Increased blood flow to active muscles.
- improved oxygen delivery to working muscles
- Faster muscle contraction and relaxation
- Increased Rate of force development & reaction time
- Improvements in muscle strength and power
- Increased resistance to muscle tears.
What are the effects of a cool down?
What are the effects of a cool down?
- Removal of metabolic waste products
- Returns body systems gradually to homeostasis
- Maintains venous return.
Describe the Size principal in muscle fibre recruitment.
Describe the Size principal in muscle fibre recruitment.
- The size principal explains that the lowest threshold motor units will be recruited first
- and that the largest & fastest motor units be recruited last.
Define internal and external respiration.
Define internal and external respiration.
- Internal- gaseous exchange happening between cells and blood
- External – Gaseous exchange happening within the lungs.
Explain (VC=TV+IRV+ERV)
Explain (VC=TV+IRV+ERV)
VC- Vital Capacity: maximum air out/ after maximum air in
TV-Tidal volume-average normal breath out
IRV: Inspiratory reserve volume- Max air in
what are the 4 methods of heat transfer?
what are the 4 methods of heat transfer?
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
Describe the 3 types of fatigue.
Describe the 3 types of fatigue.
- Peripheral – Energy systems depletion/ NMJ depletion / metabolic
- Central – Slowing the pace of training by releasing serotonin to CNS leading to sleepiness & fatigue
- Thermo – Hypo/hyper-thermia & dehydration
What are the 2 types of muscle soreness?
What are the 2 types of muscle soreness?
- Acute
- DOMS
What are the three theorys behind DOMS?
What are the three theorys behind DOMS?
- Tissue damage – micro tears
- Muscle spasm – spasm restricts capillaries blood flow
- Inflammatory response – eccentric exercise causes wound hormones to be released.
Describe atherosclerosis VS Arteriosclerosis
Describe atherosclerosis VS Arteriosclerosis
- atherosclerosis- Plaque build up
- Arteriosclerosis – Hardening of arteries
Name 5 Cardiovascular diseases
Name 5 Cardiovascular diseases
- Coronary heart disease
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Angina
- Peripheral vascular disease
Haemoglobin has 230 times the binding affinity for which gas and what does it form?
Haemoglobin has 230 times the binding affinity for which gas and what does it form?
- Carbon monoxide and forms carboxyhaemoglibin (HbCO)
What is a normal BMI categorised as?
What is a normal BMI categorised as?
- 25-30
What is the biggest associated risk of obesity?
What is the biggest associated risk of obesity?
- Diabetes
What is the difference between diabetes (T1/2)
What is the difference between diabetes (T1/2)
- Type 1: Hereditary / no insulin cells / do not absorb glucose
- Type 2: Onset / cells do not respond to insulin / do not absorb glucose
Strength training over 2/3 times a week over 12 weeks will increase what?
(3)
- Neural pathways
- Metabolic rates
- Muscle and connective tissue
Name two metabolic adaptations to Strength Trg?
Name two metabolic adaptations to Strength Trg?
A. The number of capillaries per muscle fibre will increase without an increase in capillary
density.
B. Mitochondrial volume density within muscle fibres will decrease.
C. The concentration of PCr within muscle fibres will increase.
Strength Training: Neural adaptations always accompany strength gains and
most important in the first 6-8 weeks of training. Name 5 neural adaptations
Answer: Any of the following;
Increased neural drive (1).
Recruitment of more motor units (1).
Enhanced synchronicity of motor unit firing (1).
Increased firing rate (important in smaller muscles) (1).
Reduced autogenic inhibition from GTOs (1).
Improved neuromuscular reflex potentiation (1)
GTOs are encapsulated sensory receptors (½ ) through which a small number (5-25 (½ ) )
of muscle fibres (½) pass. They are located in the musculotendinous junction (½) . GTOs operate
like strain gauges to monitor muscle tension (½). GTOs are so sensitive they can detect the
contraction of single muscle fibres (½) . The function of GTOs is inhibitory; they inhibit, muscular
contraction (½) thereby reducing the risk of injury (½). GTO’s detect tension (½ ) in a muscle and
respond to both contraction (½) and stretch (½). Their action results in muscle relaxation (½) when
stimulated by inhibiting (½) contracting muscles and exciting the antagonists (½).
.
Stage 1 – A blood bourne irritant injures the arterial wall (1), disrupting the endothelial layer (1) and
exposing the underlying connective tissue.
Stage 2 – Blood platelets (1) and circulating immune cells known as monocytes are then attracted
to the site of injury. They adhere to the exposed connective tissue. The platelets release a
substance referred to as PDGF (1) (Platelet Derived Growth factor) that promotes migration of
smooth muscle cells from the media to the intima.
Stage 3 – A plaque which is basically composed of smooth muscle cells (1), connective tissue (1)
and debris forms at the site of the injury
Stage 4 – As the plaque grows, it narrows (1) the arterial opening and impedes blood flow. Lipids
in the blood, specifically LDL-C (Low Density Lipoproteins - Cholesterol) (1) are deposited in the
plaque.
.
Describe Lewis Huntington reaction
Answer: In 1930 Thomas Lewis noticed that although the application of ice initially vasconstricted
(½) an area where ice had been applied, after periods of 20-30 minutes there would be a period of
vasodilation (½).
He theorised that the body reacts to the cooling effect of ice and after a period of time vasodilation
(½) occurs in physiological attempt by the body to increase blood flow (½) in the area. This
increased blood flow (½) is an attempt to prevent tissue damage (½) as a result of the application
of cold therapy.
As the vasodilation acts to increase the temperature (½) in the area, the sensory nerves (½)
become active again, reacting to the cold application (½) causing a further period of
vasoconstriction (½). Lewis named it the Hunting Reaction (½) as he believed the body was
hunting for a mean temperature (½).
Section 8. Cold Therapy Conti: What are 2 therapeutic effects of cold therapy and 3
contraindications to the application of ice. Each correct answer is worth 1 mark (5).
Answer:
Reduced temperature (1) Psychological (1)
Reduced metabolic rate (1) Peripheral circulatory problems (vascular, NFCI,
Raynauds) (1)
Reduced perfusion (1) Cardiac conditions (1) (within 6 months of heart attack, no
cold over left shoulder)
Reduced inflammation (1) Cold sensitivity (1), Open wounds (1), Eye injuries (1),
High Blood pressure (1), peripheral nerve injuries (1)
Pain reduction (1)
- The middle of the H zone; contains supporting proteins that connect thick myosin filaments
together?
- The middle of the H zone; contains supporting proteins that connect thick myosin filaments
together?
Answer: M-Line (1)
Inside of a cell becomes more negative relative to outside (>-70Mv), and is considered
inhibitory?
Inside of a cell becomes more negative relative to outside (>-70Mv), and is considered
inhibitory?
Answer: Hyperpolarization (1)
