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Training Principles and Practice > Applied Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 broad reasons that we require energy for?

A

Resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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2
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

An adenosine molecule and 3 phosphates

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3
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

When the chemical bonds between the phosphate break

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4
Q

What is the primary source of energy in the body?

A

ATP

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5
Q

What enzyme causes the phosphate bonds to break?

A

ATPase

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6
Q

ATPase uses what?

A

Water

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7
Q

The process of ATPase breaking the bonds is called?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

A word ending in ‘lysis’ means?

A

That something has been chemically broken

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9
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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10
Q

Macronutrients are broken down during … and absorbed into the …

A

Digestion, bloodstream

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11
Q

Carbohydrate is broken down and used as … or stored as … in the liver or muscles

A

Glucose, glycogen

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12
Q

Fat is converted into?

A

Fatty free acids

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13
Q

FFA are used for energy or stored as …. in adipose tissue, or within muscle

A

Triglycerides

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14
Q

Protein is broken down into?

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

Where are amino acids stored?

A

In muscles and other tissue

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16
Q

ATP is produced via?

A

3 metabolic pathways

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17
Q

What are the three metabolic pathways?

A

Phosphocreatine system, glycolytic system, oxidative system

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18
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

It produced ATP without the use of oxygen

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19
Q

Which two pathways are anaerobic?

A

PCr and glycolytic

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20
Q

Anaerobic metabolism takes care of what type of energy requirements?

A

Immediate and very short term energy requirements

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21
Q

The anaerobic systems occur in what area of the muscle?

A

Sarcoplasm

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22
Q

PCr system deals with?

A

Immediate ATP requirements and also during very high intensity efforts

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23
Q

How many times more PCr than ATP is there stored in the body?

A

4x

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24
Q

PCr use is restricted to the first how many seconds of movement?

A

6-10seconds

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25
Q

During very high intensity, PCr is the … of ATP

A

Primary provider

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26
Q

How many ATP molecules does PCr produce per chemical reaction?

A

1

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27
Q

How does the glycolytic system produce ATP?

A

Through the process of glycolysis

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28
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose or glycogen to produce ATP

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29
Q

Is the glycolytic system slower or faster than PCr?

A

Slower

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30
Q

Which produces more ATP, PCr or glycolytic?

A

Glycolytic

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31
Q

What time period of movement does glycolytic system provide ATP for?

A

The first few minutes. And is also the main provider of ATP during high intensity efforts lasting up to 2 minutes

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32
Q

How many ATP molecules does the glycolytic system produce?

A

2 or 3. Depending whether glucose or glycogen is used

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33
Q

Glycolysis involves a series of chemical reactions the produce?

A

A small number of ATP molecules, pyruvate and H+

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34
Q

When O2 supply is … or demands for ATP are high, … is converted into lactic acid

A

Insufficient, pyruvate

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35
Q

Why is glycolysis short lived?

A

Because the metabolic by products of glycolysis build up and slow or inhibit further ATP production

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36
Q

Lactic acid quickly breaks down into?

A

Lactate and hydrogen ions

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37
Q

If oxygen is present, or ATP demand drops, lactate can be converted back to?

A

Pyruvate

38
Q

Alternatively lactate can be moved out of the muscle into the blood stream. From here it can be used in the liver or taken up and used by?

A

Type I muscle fibres

39
Q

The aerobic system is also known as the what system?

A

Oxidative

40
Q

The aerobic/oxidative system is the slowest or fastest system?

A

Slowest

41
Q

Does the aerobic/oxidative system produce more ATP that PCr?

A

Yes

42
Q

Aerobic metabolism provides the …. of energy during activities lasting longer than … minutes

A

Majority. 4 minutes

43
Q

The two step process of aerobic metabolism occurs when oxygen supply is … or energy demands are …

A

Adequate. Low

44
Q

The two step process occurs where?

A

In the mitochondria

45
Q

The first process can use either …. (from glycolysis) or the end product of beta-oxidation to produce ….

A

Pyruvate. Acetyl-CoA

46
Q

Acetyl-CoA undergoes a number of chemical reactions which is collectively called the?

A

Krebs cycle

47
Q

The Krebs cycle produces how many ATP?

A

2

48
Q

The second process is called?

A

The electron transfer chain

49
Q

The electron transfer chain uses the … from the Krebs cycle and … and O2 from the air we breath to produce ATP and H2O

A

H+ and glycolysis

50
Q

Depending on whether glucose or FFA is used how many ATP molecules are produced?

A

Either 36 or 129

51
Q

The fate of pyruvate depends on?

A

The demand for energy

52
Q

If demand for energy is low what can pyruvate be used for?

A

ATP production in the mitochondria

53
Q

If energy demand is high, pyruvate is converted into?

A

Lactate

54
Q

PCr produces how many ATP molecules?

A

1

55
Q

Anaerobic metabolism produces how many ATP molecules?

A

2 or 3

56
Q

Oxidation of carbohydrate produces how many ATP molecules?

A

36

57
Q

Oxidation of fat produces how many ATP molecules?

A

129

58
Q

Which system has the fastest rate of ATP production?

A

PCr

59
Q

Which system has the slowest rate of ATP production?

A

Oxidation of fat

60
Q

During muscle contraction in the first 10 seconds of movement, what provides most of the ATP?

A

Stored ATP and PCr

61
Q

As PCR levels decrease, what then provides ATP?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

62
Q

After anaerobic glycolysis decreases, what is the next system?

A

Aerobic/oxidative

63
Q

The neuromuscular system is made up of?

A

Central nervous system and skeletal muscle

64
Q

A motor unit is?

A

Motor neurons (nerves) and the muscle fibres the neurons innervate

65
Q

For a motor unit to be activated it must?

A

Receive a signal from the brain

66
Q

The all or none theory is?

A

When a signal is sent to a motor unit, all of the fibres in that motor unit are activated

67
Q

The type of motor unit, rate of recruitment and number of motor units recruited determines?

A

How much force is produced

68
Q

The main proteins that make up skeletal muscle are?

A

Actin and myosin

69
Q

Actin and myosin are found in a contractile unit called the?

A

Sarcomere

70
Q

What is the process called when actin and myosin interact to cause muscle contraction?

A

Sliding filament theory

71
Q

What dictates muscle recruitment?

A

The size principle

72
Q

The size principle refers to?

A

The size of the motor unit affecting the recruitment of various fibre types

73
Q

To produce a required force, motor units are recruited (activated) from ….

A

Smallest to largest

74
Q

What happens if more force is needed?

A

Additional small motor units and slightly bigger motor units are recruited

75
Q

When are almost all motor units recruited?

A

When maximal force is required

76
Q

What size units are recruited first?

A

Small

77
Q

What fibres are found in small motor units?

A

Type I fibres

78
Q

Type I fibres are also referred to as?

A

Slow twitch fibres

79
Q

Type I fibres have a very good …, a high volume of … and …, and rely on O2 to produce …

A

Blood supply. Mitochondria and myoglobin. ATP

80
Q

Type I fibres are … resistant

A

Fatigue

81
Q

Their small size and slow contraction rate means that these fibres produce … force and power

A

Low

82
Q

The next type of fibres are?

A

IIa

83
Q

IIa fibres can produce high … and …, and have a … level of fatigue resistance

A

Force. Power. Moderate

84
Q

They can produce ATP with or without ….

A

O2

85
Q

The largest motor units are made up of what fibres?

A

Type IIx

86
Q

These fibres are recruited …

A

Last

87
Q

Iix fibres are used for …., …. movements and movements that require a lot of ….

A

Fast, powerful. Force

88
Q

These functional characteristics are due to?

A

Very fast nerve signals, fast contraction and relaxation rates, and the large diameter of fibres

89
Q

If a fibre has more actin and myosin that means it is a …. …. fibre?

A

Large diameter

90
Q

Because type Iix fibres are required to contract rapidly they rely on …., … and …. for ATP supply

A

Stored ATP, PCr and anaerobic glycolysis

91
Q

Which types of fibres fatigue the most quickly?

A

Type IIx

92
Q

What two fibres are referred to as fast twitch fibres?

A

Type IIa and type IIx

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