Applied Anatomy & Reproductive Physiology Flashcards
What is the location of the hypothalamus?
Located at the base of the brain.
What hormone does the hypothalamus produce?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
What role does the hypothalamus play in hormonal activity?
Acts as the ‘conductor’ of hormonal activity.
What does the anterior pituitary receive from the hypothalamus?
GnRH
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Prolactin
What shape are the ovaries?
Almond-shaped organs containing follicles.
When is the highest number of ova present?
During fetal life.
What happens to oocytes until ovulation?
Remain in the first meiotic division.
What triggers ovulation?
LH surge.
What do theca cells produce?
Androgens.
What do granulosa cells convert androgens into?
Estrogens.
What is the role of estrogens in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulate endometrial thickening.
What are the types of estrogens?
- Estradiol (pre-menopause)
- Estrone (post-menopause)
- Estriol (pregnancy)
What does progesterone prepare the endometrium for?
Implantation.
What is the function of androgens in female reproductive physiology?
Essential for female reproductive function.
What occurs during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
FSH stimulates follicle development; estrogen levels rise.
What triggers the release of the ovum?
LH surge.
What does the corpus luteum secrete during the luteal phase?
Progesterone.
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
Menstruation occurs; endometrium sheds.
Where does fertilization occur?
In the ampulla.
How long can sperm survive in the upper genital tract?
2-5 days.
What is the structure of the uterus?
Muscular organ with an inner lining (endometrium).
What happens to the endometrium under estrogen during the follicular phase?
Proliferates.
What prepares the endometrium for implantation?
Secretory phase under progesterone.
When does implantation occur after fertilization?
About 10 days.
What does the blastocyst secrete to maintain the corpus luteum?
hCG.
What does the cervix produce that changes throughout the cycle?
Mucus.
What is the function of the vagina?
Distensible tube for intercourse, menstrual flow, and childbirth.
What are the signs of puberty?
- Breast development
- Pubic hair growth
- Menarche
What hormonal changes occur during puberty?
Gradual increase in FSH, LH, and estrogen.
What is defined as 12 months after the last menstrual period?
Menopause.
What happens to FSH and LH levels during menopause?
They rise as ovarian function declines.
What are common symptoms of menopause?
- Irregular cycles
- Heavier bleeding
- Cessation of menstruation
How does LH affect testosterone production in males?
Stimulates testosterone production.
What do FSH stimulate in male reproductive physiology?
Spermatogenesis.
Where do sperm mature?
In the epididymis.
How long does spermatogenesis take?
About 10 weeks.
What controls erection and ejaculation?
Nitric oxide and blood flow.
What does ejaculate contain?
- Sperm
- Fluids from seminal vesicles
- Fluids from prostate
What are the causes of erectile dysfunction?
- Organic
- Psychogenic
- Mixed
What are some treatments for erectile dysfunction?
- PDE5 inhibitors
- Injectable prostaglandins
- Vacuum devices
- Counseling
- Surgery
What function does the prostate serve in male reproductive physiology?
Contributes to seminal fluid.
What are common issues with the prostate as men age?
- Benign hypertrophy
- Malignancy
