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CLASP > Applied Anatomy/Radiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy/Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does arch of aorta begin and end?

A

T4/T5

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2
Q

What accessory muscles of respiration are used when pt leans forward and fixes their arms e.g. onto back of chair?

A

Serratus anterior

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3
Q

What is a flail segment?

A

Three or more contiguous ribs are fractured in two or more places

That bit of ribcage moves on its own

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4
Q

Eyebrow sign on CXR

A

Free gas under diaphragm - pneumoperitoneum

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5
Q

AXR signs of pneumoperitoneum

A

Inner and outer bowel edges
Outline of falciform ligament
Umbilical ligament outlines
Triangular pockets of gas

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6
Q

What does splenic laceration look like on CT?

A

High attenuation/dense fluid around spleen - blood
Darkening of patch on spleen - laceration

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7
Q

Dual blood supply to artery

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery

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8
Q

Loss of blood flow to kidney looks like?

A

Kidney looks darker/less white on CT

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9
Q

Def of comminuted fracture

A

Fracture of more than 2 parts

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10
Q

Cause of avulsion fracture

A

Detachment of ligament from bone

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11
Q

Signs indicating elbow fracture on XR (radial head)

A

Anterior sail sign
Posterior fat pad

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12
Q

Colles vs Smith fracture angulation

A

Colles - dorsal, dinnerfork
Smith - volar

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13
Q

Type of scaphoid fracture causing AVN

A

Waist fracture
- causes AVN of proximal scaphoid

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14
Q

Where do lateral and medial circumflex arteries supplying neck of femur branch from?

A

Fermoral and profunda femoris arteries

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15
Q

Twisting ankle can result in what type of fracture?

A

Malleolar spiral fracture

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16
Q

Features of lower left lobar collapse

A

Volume loss on the left with elevation of the hemidiaphragm, left hemithorax looks small
Increased density in left retrocardiac region
Loss of clarity medial aspect left hemidiaphragm
Left hilum displaced downwards

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17
Q

Features of upper let lobar collapse

A

Volume loss on the left, elevation of the left hemidiaphragm
Loss of clarity of the heart shadow
‘veil like opacity’ diffuse opacification of the left hemithorax

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18
Q

Features of upper right lobar collapse

A

Volume loss on the right
Loss of clarity of the upper right mediastinum
Density in the right upper zone, elevation of the horizontal fissure

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19
Q

Features of middle right lobar collapse

A

Loss of clarity of the right heart border
Density in the right lower zone,
Right hemidiaphragm preserved

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20
Q

Features of lower right lobar collapse

A

Volume loss on the right
Loss of clarity of the right hemidiaphragm
Density in the right lower zone, depression of the horizontal fissure

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21
Q

Review areas on CXR

A

Apices - pancoast, pneumothorax
Behind heart - consolidation, hiatus hernia
Below diaphragm - free gas, lines/tubes, bowel obs
Bones/soft tissue - fractures, subcut emphysema

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22
Q

What is an air bronchogram?

A
  1. The bronchus must contain air.
  2. The surrounding lung must not
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23
Q

Unilateral pleural effusion?

A

Prob cancer unless proven otherwise

24
Q

Signs of HF on CXR

A

A - alveolar oedema (bat wing opacities)
B - Kerley B lines
C - cardiomegaly
D - dilated upper lobe vessels
E - pleural effusion

25
Q

Normal position of ET tube

A

normal
tip 5 cm above carina
width 2/3 tracheal diameter
cuff should not expand the trachea

26
Q

Malposition features of ET tube

A

tip may extend past the carina
malposition most commonly seen is the tip in the right main bronchus
May have entered the oesophagus

27
Q

Normal position of NG tube

A

subdiaphragmatic position in the stomach
- identified on a plain chest radiograph as overlying the gastric bubble
- at least 10 cm beyond the gastro-oesophageal junction.

28
Q

Where do you insert central lines or PICC lines?

A

Central lines
- via right and left internal jugular or subclavian veins (CVC)
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC)
- via cephalic, basilic or brachial veins

29
Q

Why is it important that central lines are placed in central vein?

A

To ensure adequate blood flow for proper dilution of meds

30
Q
A
31
Q

Where does appendix originate from?

A

Midgut

32
Q

US findings in appendicits

A

Aperistaltic, non-compressible, dilated appendix
Round when compressed
Periappendiceal collection of fluid
Target sign/donut appearance

33
Q

CT findings in appendicitis

A

Appendiceal dilatation and inflammation
Wall thickening and enhancement
Thickening of caecal apex
Focal wall nonenhancement = necrosis

34
Q

Gold standard imaging for ureteric stones

A

CT KUB

35
Q

Inv for acute diverticulitis

A

CT with IV contrast to confirm presence of diverticula
- might see perforation on CXR

36
Q

US findings in acute cholecystitis

A

Gallbladder wall thickening
Pericholecystic fluid

37
Q

CT findings in acute cholecystitis

A

Distension/wall thickening
[finish card]

38
Q

Why is US used in pancreatitis?

A

To assess if gallstones is the cause

39
Q

CT findings in pancreatitis

A

Diffuse parenchymal enlargement
Indistinct margins = inflammation
Surrounding retroperitoneal fat stranding
Vasc complications (SMV filling defect)
Infected necrosis/abscess formation

40
Q

Huge volume of gas under diaphragm on CXR?

A

Perforation

41
Q

CT findings in perforation

A

Free fluid
Distribution gas (shows up black)
Defect in wall
Localised inflam change

42
Q

AXR findings in small bowel obs

A

Valvulae conniventes are visible (basically small bowel haustra, looks like stack of coins)
Loops of bowel are central
Dilatation >2.5 - 3 cm
Distal pauctiy of gas

43
Q

CT findings in small bowel os

A

Dilated small bowel lops >2.5cm from outer wall to outer wall
Normal calibre or collapsed loops distally
Small bowel faeces sign
Sometimes rare causes e.g. gallstone ileus

44
Q

XR findings in large bowel obs

A

Peripheral >5cm Haustra
Colonic distension
Collapsed distal colon
Small bowel dilatation if incompetent IC valve

45
Q

CT findings in large bowel obs

A

To confirm diag/cause and localise lesion
Non-dependent gas = dying bowel

46
Q

What is non dependent gas?

A

Gas sitting underneath fluid in bowel
Means gas is building up in bowel wall as it dies
V bad sign

47
Q

ABG findings in bowel ischaemia

A

Metabolic acidosis
High lactate

48
Q

CT findings in bowel ischaemia

A

Lack of enhancement of lumen of vessel
Mucosal/serosal enhancement is reduced or incr
Altered wall thickness
Dilated loops of bowel
Pneumatosis intestinalis
Mesenteric oedema/free fluid

49
Q

CT findings in ruptured AAA

A

Retroperitoneal haemorrhage adjacent to the aneurysm

  • presents w pain, hypotension, pulsatile/expansile abdo mass
50
Q

Which pts have dilated bile ducts?

A

Older pts
Pts who have had gallbladder removed

51
Q

Why does a clot show up hyperattenuated on CT?

A

Stagnant collection of blood/clot
- full of iron (metal) which shows up dense on CT

52
Q

Define gliosis in brain

A

Scarring of brain parenchyma adjacent to lesion/infarct
- hypoattenuated on CT

53
Q

3 main causes of subdural haemorrhage

A

Infants - NAI
YAs - RTA
Elderly - falls

54
Q

Shape differeneces between subdural and extradural haemorrhage

A

Subdural - semilunar
Extradural - biconvex

55
Q

When’s the only time you do an emergency MRI?

A

Spinal emergency e.g. cord compression

56
Q

Visual pathway for superior and inferior visual fields?

A

PITS
Parietal - inferior
Temporal - superior

57
Q
A

CLASP (3 decks)

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