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AQA GCSE Physical Education (9-1) > Applied Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the bone located in your head called?

A

Cranium

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2
Q

Name 3 bones in the arm.

A

Humerus, Radius and Ulna

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3
Q

Where is the vertebrae located?

A

In the back

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4
Q

Name the bone located in the shoulder.

A

Scapula

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5
Q

Which bones protect the heart?

A

Ribs, Sternum

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6
Q

What bones are found in the lower leg?

A

Tibia, Fibula

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7
Q

What is the bone in the upper leg called?

A

Femur

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8
Q

In general, what is the purpose of the skeleton?

A
  • provides a framework for muscle attachment

* works together with the muscular system to enable movement at joints.

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9
Q

What do long bones enable?

A

Long bones enable gross movement by working as levers.

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10
Q

Two examples of long bones.

A
  • the humerus

* the femur

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11
Q

State two components of short bones.

A
  • are as wide as they are long

* allow finer, controlled movements

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12
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Flat bones provide protection of vital organs and a broad surface for muscles to attach to.

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13
Q

Three examples of flat bones.

A
  • the cranium
  • the ribs
  • the scapula
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14
Q

What are the key functions of the skeleton?

A
  • support
  • production of blood cells
  • storage of minerals
  • protection of vital organs
  • structural shape and muscle attachment
  • formation of joints for movement
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15
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help clotting if you are cut

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16
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen to working muscles

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17
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Help fight infection

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18
Q

What minerals are stored in the bones and what is their purpose?

A

Calcium and phosphorous are stored in bones to help strengthen them

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19
Q

How does the skeleton provide support?

A

By providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach to

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20
Q

What does the skeleton protect?

A

Vital organs e.g the heart, lungs

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21
Q

Bones act as levers. What is the purpose of levers?

A

Levers allow the body to increase the force it can generate or increase the speed of the movement

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22
Q

Name two functions of cartilage

A
  • rteduces friction

* absorbs shock

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23
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Connect bone to bone and stabilise the joint, holding the bones in the correct position

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24
Q

Two functions of the joint capsule.

A
  • seals the joint

* provides stability to the joint

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25
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

It secretes (produces) synovial fluid

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26
Q

Three functions of synovial fluid.

A
  • lubricates and reduces friction in the joint
  • supplies nutrients to the joint
  • removes waste products from the joint
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27
Q

Functions of the bursae

A
  • reduce mechanical friction in the joint

* act as a cushion between the bone and another part of the joint, such as the tendons of muscles

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28
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect muscle to bone

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29
Q

What is a joint?

A

The place where two or more bones meet. It is where movement can occur

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30
Q

Where would a hinge joint be located?

A
  • knee
  • elbow
  • ankle
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31
Q

Examples of a ball and socket joint.

A
  • hip

* shoulder

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32
Q

Examples of movement at hinge joints.

A
  • flexion

* extension

33
Q

Examples of movement at ball and socket joints.

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
  • abduction
  • adduction
34
Q

Define flexion.

A

The term given when the angle at a joint decreases

35
Q

Define extension.

A

The term given when the angle at a joint increases

36
Q

Define abduction.

A

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

37
Q

Define adduction.

A

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.

38
Q

Define rotation.

A

When the bone at a joint moves around it’s own axis, so making a circular movement.

39
Q

What joint action only occurs at the ankle.

A

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

40
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Movement of the foot downwards away from the front of the ankle.

41
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Movement of the foot upwards towards the shin (decreasing the angle at the joint).

42
Q

Where is the deltiod located?

A

Top of the shoulder.

43
Q

Where is the latissimus dorsi located?

A

Side of back.

44
Q

Where are the rotator cuffs located?

A

On the scapula in the shoulder.

45
Q

Where are pectorals located?

A

Front of upper chest.

46
Q

Where are the abdominals located?

A

Front of body between pelvis and ribs.

47
Q

Name the antagonistic pair of muscles in the arm.

A

Biceps and triceps.

48
Q

Which muscle in the arm causes flexion of the arm at the elbow?

A

Biceps.

49
Q

Which muscle in the arm causes extension of the arm at the elbow?

A

Triceps.

50
Q

Name the antagonistic pair of muscles in the upper leg.

A

Quadriceps and hamstrings.

51
Q

Which muscle in the leg causes flexion of the leg at the knee?

A

Hamstrings.

52
Q

Which muscle in the leg causes extension of the leg at the knee?

A

Quadriceps.

53
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

Two muscles which work together to allow movement at a joint.

54
Q

What is an agonist?

A

The muscle contracting (shortening) and working.

55
Q

What is an agonist also known as?

A

The prime mover.

56
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

The muscle which is relaxing (lengthening).

57
Q

Name the antagonistic pair of muscles in the lower leg.

A

Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior.

58
Q

Which muscle in the leg causes plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle?

A

Gastrocnemius.

59
Q

Which muscle causes dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior.

60
Q

Name the antagonistic pair of muscles at the hip joint.

A

Hip flexors and gluteals.

61
Q

Which muscle allows for flexion of the leg at the hip?

A

Hip flexors.

62
Q

Which muscle allows for extension of the leg at the hip?

A

Gluteals.

63
Q

What are the two types of muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic and isometric

64
Q

What are isotonic muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic muscle contractions are those that result in movement. e.g. a leap in dance.

65
Q

What are isometric muscle contractions?

A

Isometric muscle contractions are where the muscles contract but there is no visible movement. e.g. the gymnastic pose “iron cross” when on rings.

66
Q

Where does air enter the body?

A

Through the mouth and nose.

67
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Allows air to be passed from the mouth/nose to the lungs. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea to keep it’s shape.

68
Q

What do lungs do?

A

Lungs allow for movement of air in and out of the body (ventilation).

69
Q

What is inspiration?

A

The process of breathing in.

70
Q

What is expiration?

A

The process of breathing out.

71
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The term for both the left and right bronchus that take air to each of the lungs.

72
Q

What are the smaller airways from the bronchi called?

A

Bronchioles.

73
Q

What do bronchiloes do?

A

Branch out throughout the lungs and carry the air from the bronchi to the alveoli.

74
Q

What are alveoli?

A
  • Tiny air sacs
  • Attatched to the branches of bronchioles throughout the lungs
  • The place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
75
Q

Gases always move from ____ to ___ areas of concentration.

A

high to low

76
Q

How does gaseous exchange work?

A

• Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream from the alveoli into the lungs.
•The oxygen then binds with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells forming oxyhaemoglobin.
• Oxyhaemoglobin is transported to rhe working muscles, where it is needed for aerobic activity.
Carbon dioxide produced in the tissue is transported away from the muscles by the haemoglobin.

77
Q

What features assist gaseous exchange?

A
  • The alveoli are tiny air sacs that have mist, thin wallas and are one cell thick
  • The combined surface area of the alveoli is large allowing a higher chance of gases passing through
  • There are many capillaries close to the alveoli, so there is only a short distance for the gases to diffuse through (short diffusion pathway) and a large blood supply.
78
Q

Exchange of gases from alveoli → capillaries

A
  • The alveoli have a high oxygen concentration
  • Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration on oxygen
  • Oxygen moves from high concentration to low, through the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries. In this way the capillaries gain oxygen to transport around the body.
79
Q

Exchange of gases from capillaries → alveoli

A
  • Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a high pressure/concentration of CO2 (from muscles).
  • Alveoli have a low pressure/concentration of CO2
  • Movement of CO2 from high pressure to low
  • CO2 is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out.

AQA GCSE Physical Education (9-1) (7 decks)

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