Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is the bone located in your head called?
Cranium
Name 3 bones in the arm.
Humerus, Radius and Ulna
Where is the vertebrae located?
In the back
Name the bone located in the shoulder.
Scapula
Which bones protect the heart?
Ribs, Sternum
What bones are found in the lower leg?
Tibia, Fibula
What is the bone in the upper leg called?
Femur
In general, what is the purpose of the skeleton?
- provides a framework for muscle attachment
* works together with the muscular system to enable movement at joints.
What do long bones enable?
Long bones enable gross movement by working as levers.
Two examples of long bones.
- the humerus
* the femur
State two components of short bones.
- are as wide as they are long
* allow finer, controlled movements
What are flat bones?
Flat bones provide protection of vital organs and a broad surface for muscles to attach to.
Three examples of flat bones.
- the cranium
- the ribs
- the scapula
What are the key functions of the skeleton?
- support
- production of blood cells
- storage of minerals
- protection of vital organs
- structural shape and muscle attachment
- formation of joints for movement
What do platelets do?
Help clotting if you are cut
What do red blood cells do?
Transport oxygen to working muscles
What do white blood cells do?
Help fight infection
What minerals are stored in the bones and what is their purpose?
Calcium and phosphorous are stored in bones to help strengthen them
How does the skeleton provide support?
By providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach to
What does the skeleton protect?
Vital organs e.g the heart, lungs
Bones act as levers. What is the purpose of levers?
Levers allow the body to increase the force it can generate or increase the speed of the movement
Name two functions of cartilage
- rteduces friction
* absorbs shock
What do ligaments do?
Connect bone to bone and stabilise the joint, holding the bones in the correct position
Two functions of the joint capsule.
- seals the joint
* provides stability to the joint
What does the synovial membrane do?
It secretes (produces) synovial fluid
Three functions of synovial fluid.
- lubricates and reduces friction in the joint
- supplies nutrients to the joint
- removes waste products from the joint
Functions of the bursae
- reduce mechanical friction in the joint
* act as a cushion between the bone and another part of the joint, such as the tendons of muscles
What do tendons do?
Connect muscle to bone
What is a joint?
The place where two or more bones meet. It is where movement can occur
Where would a hinge joint be located?
- knee
- elbow
- ankle
Examples of a ball and socket joint.
- hip
* shoulder
Examples of movement at hinge joints.
- flexion
* extension
Examples of movement at ball and socket joints.
- flexion
- extension
- rotation
- abduction
- adduction
Define flexion.
The term given when the angle at a joint decreases
Define extension.
The term given when the angle at a joint increases
Define abduction.
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Define adduction.
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
Define rotation.
When the bone at a joint moves around it’s own axis, so making a circular movement.
What joint action only occurs at the ankle.
plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
What is plantar flexion?
Movement of the foot downwards away from the front of the ankle.
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement of the foot upwards towards the shin (decreasing the angle at the joint).
Where is the deltiod located?
Top of the shoulder.
Where is the latissimus dorsi located?
Side of back.
Where are the rotator cuffs located?
On the scapula in the shoulder.
Where are pectorals located?
Front of upper chest.
Where are the abdominals located?
Front of body between pelvis and ribs.
Name the antagonistic pair of muscles in the arm.
Biceps and triceps.
Which muscle in the arm causes flexion of the arm at the elbow?
Biceps.
Which muscle in the arm causes extension of the arm at the elbow?
Triceps.
Name the antagonistic pair of muscles in the upper leg.
Quadriceps and hamstrings.
Which muscle in the leg causes flexion of the leg at the knee?
Hamstrings.
Which muscle in the leg causes extension of the leg at the knee?
Quadriceps.
What is an antagonistic pair?
Two muscles which work together to allow movement at a joint.
What is an agonist?
The muscle contracting (shortening) and working.
What is an agonist also known as?
The prime mover.
What is an antagonist?
The muscle which is relaxing (lengthening).
Name the antagonistic pair of muscles in the lower leg.
Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior.
Which muscle in the leg causes plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle?
Gastrocnemius.
Which muscle causes dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle?
Tibialis anterior.
Name the antagonistic pair of muscles at the hip joint.
Hip flexors and gluteals.
Which muscle allows for flexion of the leg at the hip?
Hip flexors.
Which muscle allows for extension of the leg at the hip?
Gluteals.
What are the two types of muscle contractions?
Isotonic and isometric
What are isotonic muscle contractions?
Isotonic muscle contractions are those that result in movement. e.g. a leap in dance.
What are isometric muscle contractions?
Isometric muscle contractions are where the muscles contract but there is no visible movement. e.g. the gymnastic pose “iron cross” when on rings.
Where does air enter the body?
Through the mouth and nose.
What is the trachea?
Allows air to be passed from the mouth/nose to the lungs. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea to keep it’s shape.
What do lungs do?
Lungs allow for movement of air in and out of the body (ventilation).
What is inspiration?
The process of breathing in.
What is expiration?
The process of breathing out.
What are the bronchi?
The term for both the left and right bronchus that take air to each of the lungs.
What are the smaller airways from the bronchi called?
Bronchioles.
What do bronchiloes do?
Branch out throughout the lungs and carry the air from the bronchi to the alveoli.
What are alveoli?
- Tiny air sacs
- Attatched to the branches of bronchioles throughout the lungs
- The place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Gases always move from ____ to ___ areas of concentration.
high to low
How does gaseous exchange work?
• Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream from the alveoli into the lungs.
•The oxygen then binds with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells forming oxyhaemoglobin.
• Oxyhaemoglobin is transported to rhe working muscles, where it is needed for aerobic activity.
Carbon dioxide produced in the tissue is transported away from the muscles by the haemoglobin.
What features assist gaseous exchange?
- The alveoli are tiny air sacs that have mist, thin wallas and are one cell thick
- The combined surface area of the alveoli is large allowing a higher chance of gases passing through
- There are many capillaries close to the alveoli, so there is only a short distance for the gases to diffuse through (short diffusion pathway) and a large blood supply.
Exchange of gases from alveoli → capillaries
- The alveoli have a high oxygen concentration
- Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration on oxygen
- Oxygen moves from high concentration to low, through the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries. In this way the capillaries gain oxygen to transport around the body.
Exchange of gases from capillaries → alveoli
- Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a high pressure/concentration of CO2 (from muscles).
- Alveoli have a low pressure/concentration of CO2
- Movement of CO2 from high pressure to low
- CO2 is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out.
