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Pe GCSE > Applied Anatomy and Psiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Psiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Blood cell production
  • Muscle attachment
  • Mineral storage
  • Joints for movement
  • Protection of vital organs
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2
Q

What is blood cell reproduction?

A
  • Red and white blood cells and platelets are produced in the bone marrow.
  • Red blood cells carry oxygen to working muscles
  • White blood cells fight infection
  • Platelets help blood to clot.
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3
Q

What is mineral storage?

A
  • Calcium and phosphorus stored within the bones
  • Minerals essential for vital body functions like strong teeth and bones
  • Calcium involved in muscular contractions
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4
Q

What are joints for movement?

A
  • A joint is a point where two or more bones meet to allow movement to take place
  • Joints and their movements are crucial in performance of activities
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5
Q

What is protection of vital organs?

A
  • Many bones act as soft, rigid shell
  • They protect vital organs and the central nervous system which are easily damaged
  • Crucial for performance and long term health
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6
Q

What is muscle attachment?

A
  • Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to via tendons
  • Bones act as anchors that muscles can pull on as they move
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7
Q

What are the 4 different kinds of bones?

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
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8
Q

What are long bones?

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Shaft plus 2 ends
  • Vital to generate movement, speed and strength
  • Act as levers that allow the body to move
    E.g. tibia, fibula, femur
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9
Q

What are short bones?

A
  • Same size in width, length and thickness
  • Only 2 short bones in the body
  • Vital for weight lifting, shock absorption and spreading heavy loads.
    E.g. carpals and tarsals
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10
Q

What are flat bones?

A
  • Protect vital organs
  • Good surface area for muscles to attach to
  • Key in contact sports like rugby
    E.g. scapula, ribs, cranium
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11
Q

What are irregular bones?

A
  • Special shape to protect
  • Lots of attachment points for muscles
    E.g. vertebrae bones protect spinal cord
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12
Q

What are the top 2 bones on the spinal cord called? What do they do?

A
  • Atlas (supports the head and allows us to nod)

- Axis (allows us to shake our head)

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13
Q

What are the 5 sections of the spinal cord called? How many of each are there?

A
  • Cervical vertebrae (x7)
  • Thoracic vertebrae (x12)
  • Lumbar vertebrae (x5)
  • Sacrum vertebrae (x5 fused)
  • Coccyx vertebrae (x4 fused)
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14
Q

What is a joint and what do they do?

A
  • A place where two or more bones meet

- Joints allow movement that varies from joint to joint

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15
Q

What are the 4 different types of joints?

A
  • Hinge
  • Ball and socket
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
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16
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A
  • A joint that can go backwards and forward (like a hinge on a door)
    E.g. elbow, knee, ankle
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17
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A
  • The rounded head of a long bone (the ball) fits into a cup-shaped
    hole (the socket)
  • Can go in all directions as well as rotate
    E.g. shoulder, hip
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18
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A
  • One bone shaped like a cylinder rotates inside another bone
    that makes a ring around it
  • Allow bones to rotate
    E.g. arm, neck
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19
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A
  • Similar to a ball and socket but the ball rests against the end
    of a bone rather than inside a socket
  • Allow circular motion
20
Q

What are the 8 different types of movements at joints?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Circumduction
  • Adduction
  • Abduction
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
  • Rotation
21
Q

What is flexion? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • A bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts
  • Elbow, knee
    E.g. bicep curl (elbow)
22
Q

What is extension? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
  • Elbow, knee
    E.g. following through a shot in netball (elbow)
23
Q

What is circumduction? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • A cone-shaped movement of a limb that includes flexion,
    extension, adduction and abduction
  • Shoulder, wrist and ankle
  • Cricketer bowling a ball (shoulder)
24
Q

What is rotation? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • Movement that occurs around a single axis or pivot point.
  • Hip, neck
  • Moving through a golf swing (hip)
25
Q

What is plantar flexion? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • Downwards motion of the foot which increases the angle at the ankle
  • Ankle
    E.g. ballet dancer dancing en pointe (ankle)
26
Q

What is plantar flexion? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • Upwards motion of the foot which decreases the angle at the
    ankle and brings the toes closer to the shin.
  • Ankle
    -A hurdler with the heel of her lead leg over the hurdle (ankle)
27
Q

What is abduction? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • Movement of a limb that pulls away from the midline of the body
  • Shoulder, hip
  • A sidekick in karate (hip)
28
Q

What is adduction? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?

A
  • Movement of a limb that pulls towards the midline of the body
  • Hip, shoulder
  • A football taking a free kick follows through to bring their leg a cross the body
29
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at joints. Its role is to prevent dislocation.

30
Q

What is tendon?

A

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Its role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in the movement of that bone.

31
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscles?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Involuntary
  • Voluntary (skeletal)
32
Q

What is the cardiac muscle and where is it found?

A
  • Involuntary
  • Internal electrical pulses
  • Moves blood around the body
  • The blood transports oxygen and removes waste products
  • Found in the heart
33
Q

What are involuntary muscles and where are they found?

A

-

33
Q

What are involuntary muscles and where are they found?

A
  • Involuntary
  • Blood vessels constrict and dilate to perform the vascular shunt mechanism
  • Good for digestion and excretion of waste
  • Smooth muscle found in digestive system and blood vessels
34
Q

What are voluntary muscles and where are they found?

A
  • Voluntary
  • Create movement
  • Involved in skeletal movement
35
Q

What is muscle action?

A
  • Muscles work in pairs
  • Muscles can only pull
  • Some muscles are arranged in pairs (antagonistic pairs)
36
Q

What is an agonist and antagonistic muscle?

A

Agonist - contracts

Antagonist - relaxes

37
Q

What are the 4 key muscle pairs?

A
  • Biceps and triceps
  • Quadriceps and hamstring
  • Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
  • Hip flexors and gluteus maximus
38
Q

What do the biceps and triceps do?

A
  • Flexion and extension at the elbow joint
39
Q

What do the quadriceps and hamstrings do?

A
  • Flexion and extension at the knee
40
Q

What does the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior do?

A
  • Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle
41
Q

What do the hip flexors and gluteus maximus do?

A
  • Flexion and extension at the knee
42
Q

What is muscle fibre?

A

The name given to the cells that make up your muscle.

43
Q

What are the 3 different types of muscle fibres?

A
  • Type 1 (slow twitch)
  • Type 11a (fast oxidative glycolytic)
  • Type 11x (fast glyoclytic)
44
Q

What are the key features of type 1 muscle fibres?

A
  • Red in colour
  • Slower rate of force production
  • Big mitochondria
  • Lots of capillaries
  • Lots of myoglobin
  • Resistant to fatigue
  • Better suited to using oxygen
45
Q

What are the key feature of type 11x muscle fibres?

A
  • White in colour
  • Rapid rate of force production
  • Few myoglobin
  • Less mitochondria
  • Few capillaries
  • Fatigues quickly
46
Q

What are the key features of type 11a muscle fibres?

A
  • Pink in colour
  • Aerobic and anaerobic
  • Fast force production
  • Many capillaries
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Lots of myoglobin
  • Fatigue resistant

Pe GCSE (1 decks)

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