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P.E > Applied Anatomy and Physiology (pg 6-20) > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology (pg 6-20) Flashcards

1
Q

Cranium

A

Your head (skull)

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2
Q

Clavicle

A

Your collarbone (to the side of your neck)

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3
Q

Scapula

A

Your shoulder blades (sits beside the rib cage)

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4
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone (front and middle of rib cage)

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5
Q

Ribs

A

(Rib cage) protects your heart.

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6
Q

Spine

A

Backbone (runs along your whole back)

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7
Q

Humerus

A

(Upper arm) funny bone.

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8
Q

Ulna

A

(Forearm) bone closer to the inside of your body (thick)

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9
Q

Radius

A

(Forearm) bone further away from your body (thin)

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10
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Pelvis, hips

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11
Q

Carpals (hand)

A

(Wrist bone)

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12
Q

Metacarpals

A

Hand bone

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13
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers

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14
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone

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15
Q

Tibia

A

Shine bone, thick, towards inside

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16
Q

Fibula

A

Calf bone, thin, towards outside.

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17
Q

Patella

A

Knee cap

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18
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle bones

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19
Q

Metatarsals

A

Foot bone

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20
Q

Phalanges

A

Toe bones

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21
Q

The vertebral column

A

C-Cervical vertabrae (7)
T-Thoraic vertabrae (12)
L-Lumbar vertebrae (5)
S-Sacrum
C-Coccyx

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22
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support- skeleton supports the body. Fe. A backbone enables us to stay upright
Movement - The skeleton has joints where tendons join muscle to bone, enables us to move
Protection- skeleton helps to protect delicate internal organs from injury
Blood production - blood cells produced in bone marrow, red cells transport oxygen and white protect the body.
Mineral storage- important minerals such as calcium and phosphorous, are stored in the body.

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23
Q

Long bones

A

Help translate the force generated by the skeletal muscle into mechanical leverage (movement), eg femur.

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24
Q

Flat bones

A

Help protect the body’s internal organs and with muscle attachment, eg.cranium and sternum.

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25
Q

Short bones

A

Help and provide support and stability with little movements (weight bearing) eg. Carpals and tarsals.

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26
Q

Irregular bones

A

Do not fall into any category but generally help with protection and support eg.vertebrae.

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27
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone (keep joints stable)

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28
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Reduces friction at joints, allowing them to move freely

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29
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone, allow movement.

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30
Q

Hinge joint

A

Provides movement in one plane for flexion and extension. Fe, flexion and extension at elbow when performing a pull up.

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31
Q

Pivot

A

Provides rotatory movement around a single axis for rotation. Fe, enables rotation of the neck when taking a breath whilst swimming.

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32
Q

Ball and socket

A

Provides 360° rotation and movement in all planes for flexion, extension, adduction abduction and rotation. Fe, enables rotation at the hip when hurdling.

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33
Q

Condyloid

A

Provides movement in two planes for flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Fe. Enables extension and flexion at the wrist when dribbling (bouncing) a basketball.

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34
Q

Flexion

A

When angle at a joint decreases

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35
Q

Extension

A

When angle at a joint increases

36
Q

Rotation

A

A turning or rotating movement around a single axis

37
Q

Circumduction

A

The circular (conical) movement of a limb extending from the joint

38
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

39
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

40
Q

Plantar-flexion

A

Movement at ankle joint that points the foot downwards away from the shin

41
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Movement at ankle joint that points the foot upwards towards the shin.

42
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Involuntarily controlled
Found in walls of the heart
Do not fatigue

43
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Involuntarily controlled
Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines

44
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Voluntarily controlled
Found throughout the body
Attached to bones by tendons

45
Q

Antagonistic muscle pair in the arm

A

The bicep and tricep are antagonistic muscles that work together to bend and straighten the arm.

46
Q

Antagonistic muscle pair in the leg

A

The hamstrings and quadracepts are antagonistic muscles that work together to bend and straighten the leg.

47
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

There is no change in the joint angle and muscle length during isometric muscle contraction. eg, perfroming a plank.

48
Q

Isotonic muscle contractions

A

Concentric- muscles shorten as muscle fibres contract
Eccentric- muscles lengthen as muscle fibres contract.

49
Q

Type 1 - Slow twich muscle fibre

A

They have a slow contraction velocity
Very resistant to fatigue
Capable of repeated low level contraction by producing large amounts of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) through oxidative metabolic processes
Fe.Marathon Runner.

50
Q

Fast Twitch - type IIA

A

Type IIA manufacture and split ATP at a fast rate by using both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Produce fast, strong muscle contractions
They are more prone to fatigue than type I fibres.
Fe. 800metre runner

51
Q

Fast twitch - Type IIB

A

Produce ATP at a slow rate by anaerobic metabolism and break it down very quickly
This results in extremely fast muscle contractions to produce short, fast bursts of power and rapid fatigue. Fe, 100 metre runner.

52
Q

Deltoid

A

Abduction of the arm at the shoulder
Fe. Bowling a cricket ball

53
Q

Trapezius

A

Rotation of the scapula and supporting the arm
Fe. The butterfly stroke in swimming.

54
Q

Tricep

A

Extension of the arm at the elbow
Fe. Throwing a javelin

55
Q

Bicep

A

Flexion of the arm at the elbow joint
Fe. Pulling the paddle when kayaking

56
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Responsible for movement around the shoulder joint
Fe. A chest pass in netball

57
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Responsible for movement at the shoulder and lateral flexion of the spine
Fe, pulling the oars when rowing.

58
Q

External obliques

A

Lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk at the waist
Fe. Preparing to throw a discuss

59
Q

Gluteal muscles

A

Responsible for movement of the leg around the hip
Fe, pushing your feet off the ground when sprinting

60
Q

Hip flexors

A

Flexion of the leg at the hip
Fe.driving out the blocks at the start of a sprint

61
Q

Hamstring

A

Flexion of leg at the knee joint
Fe. Lifting your leg to kick a football

62
Q

Abdominals

A

Flexion of the trunk and assisting with breathing
Fe. A pike hold in gymnastics

63
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Flexion of foot at the ankle joint and the leg of the knee joint
Fe, taking off when performing a high jump

64
Q

Quadriceps

A

Extension of leg at the knee joint
Fe, Pushing the pedals when cycling

65
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Dorsi flexion at the ankle
Fe.lifting of toes from the ground when walking or running

66
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration.

67
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount of air normally inhaled and exhaled per breath

68
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum volume of air exhaled after the lungs have been filled to capacity

69
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Occurs in the presence of oxygen
Glucose+oxygen=energy+carbon dioxide+water

70
Q

Inhaling %

A

21% Oxygen
0.04% Carbon Dioxide

71
Q

Inhaling process

A

Chest volume increases as air is sucked into the lungs
Intercostal muscles contract to expand the rib cage
Diaphragm contracts and moves down

72
Q

Gaseous Exhange

A

Takes place in the aleveoli, where oxygen diffuses from air to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to the air.

73
Q

Exhaling %

A

16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide

74
Q

Exhaling process

A

Chest volume decreases as air is forced out of the lungs
Intercostal muscles relax to reduce chest volume
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up

75
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

76
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one contraction

77
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute

78
Q

The heart process

A

1) deoxygenated blood from body is carried by vena cava into right atrium
2)right atrium contracts, pushing blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
3)right ventricle contracts, pushing blood through the semi lunar valve into pulmonary artery
4)blood travels to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen from the air.
5)oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by pulmonary veins into the left atrium
6)left atrium contracts, pushing blood through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
7)left ventricle contracts, pushing blood through aortic semilunar valve into the aorts
8)aorta delivers oxygenated blood to the body, where it is used for energy production

79
Q

Arteries (features)

A

Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) at high pressure from the heart to the body.
Features:
Thick walls
Narrow channels (maintain high pressure)

80
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins) at low pressure, from body to the heart
Features:
Valves to prevent backflow
Thin walls
Wide channels to ease the flow of blood

81
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow exhange of materials between tissue and blood.
Features:
Walls only one cell thick
Have channels the width of one blood cell, which distort the cells and aid gaseous exchange

82
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid part of the blood that carries other components throughout the body

83
Q

Plateletes

A

Tiny cell fragments that clump together to help blood clot and stop bleeding

84
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the bodys cells, and carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs
Contains haemoglobin which stores oxygen and carbon dioxide

85
Q

White blood cells

A

Produce antibodies to fight against infectious diseases

86
Q

Functions of blood during excercise

A

Transport water and nutrients throughout the body
Delivers oxygen to working muscles
Removes waste, including carbon dioxide
Removes heat (temperature regulation)
Dilutes or carries away lactic acid

P.E (1 decks)

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