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Ophthalmology > Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

From what structure does the central nervous system develop?

A

The neural tube.

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2
Q

At what week of gestation do the optic vesicles develop the eyes?

A

Between the 3rd and 10th week of gestation.

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3
Q

Name the three layers of the eye.

A

Outer fibrous coat, middle vascular layer, neurosensory layer.

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4
Q

What structures make up the outer fibrous coat of the eye?

A

Sclera and cornea.

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5
Q

What structures are part of the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid.

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6
Q

What are the components of the neurosensory layer?

A

Retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina.

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7
Q

What is the volume of the eye globe?

A

7cc.

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8
Q

What is the axial length of the eye globe?

A

23-25 mm.

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9
Q

What are the components of the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

Aqueous humour, lens, vitreous body.

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10
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles.

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11
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A transparent membrane overlying the eyeball and lining the eyelids.

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12
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The white of the eye, forming 5/6 of the outer coat.

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13
Q

What is the thickness of the sclera at the point where the optic nerve pierces it?

A

0.1 mm (at the lamina cribrosa).

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the sclera?

A

It helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and provides attachment for extraocular muscles.

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15
Q

What is the cornea and its function?

A

The transparent anterior 1/6 of the outer coat, responsible for refraction.

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16
Q

How much of the vision is provided by the cornea’s refractive surface?

A

70% of vision.

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17
Q

What is the dioptric power of the cornea?

A

+43D to +45D.

18
Q

What is the iris, and what function does it serve?

A

A coloured diaphragm with a central aperture (the pupil); controls light entry.

19
Q

What are the two groups of smooth muscle fibres in the iris?

A

Circular (sphincter pupillae) and radial (dilator pupillae) muscles.

20
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle?

A

Accommodation (focus adjustment).

21
Q

What is the main function of the ciliary processes?

A

Production of aqueous humour.

22
Q

Where is the choroid located?

A

Between the sclera and retina.

23
Q

What layers depend on the choroid for nutrition and blood supply?

A

The outer layers of the retina (up to the outer nuclear layer).

24
Q

What is the retina, and how many layers does it have?

A

The neurosensory layer of the eye, composed of ten layers.

25
Q

What is the function of the macula?

A

Sharp, detailed vision.

26
Q

What is the location and function of the optic disc?

A

Located nasally, it aggregates nerve fibres (optic nerve) and is 1.5 mm in diameter.

27
Q

What is the volume and composition of aqueous humour in the eye chambers?

A

0.25 ml in the anterior chamber and 0.06 ml in the posterior chamber; aqueous humour is similar to plasma but has higher concentrations of ascorbate, pyruvate, and lactate.

28
Q

How is aqueous humour produced?

A

Produced by the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, at 2-3 µl/min.

29
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure range?

A

10-21 mmHg (by applanation).

30
Q

What is the function of the crystalline lens?

A

A biconvex, transparent structure that focuses light.

31
Q

What is the volume of the vitreous humour in the eye?

A

4-4.5 ml of transparent gel.

32
Q

Name the extraocular muscles responsible for the movement of the eyeball.

A

Medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique.

33
Q

What is the primary artery supplying blood to the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid artery).

34
Q

What veins are involved in the venous drainage of the eye?

A

Short and anterior ciliary veins, vortex veins, central retinal vein.

35
Q

Name the motor nerves that supply the eye.

A

Oculomotor (3rd CN), trochlear (4th CN), abducens (6th CN), facial (7th CN).

36
Q

What sensory nerve supplies the whole eye?

A

Trigeminal nerve – ophthalmic branch.

37
Q

What are the autonomic nerves that supply the eye?

A

Sympathetic: iris (dilator pupillae), ciliary body, lacrimal gland; parasympathetic: iris (sphincter pupillae), ciliary body, lacrimal gland.

38
Q

Name the bones that make up the bony orbit of the eye.

A

Ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, frontal, palatine, lacrimal, zygoma.

39
Q

What forms the roof of the orbit?

A

Orbital plate of the frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid.

40
Q

What forms the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Orbital plate of ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, and body of the sphenoid.

Ophthalmology (5 decks)

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