Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What are the functions of the red blood cell?
- production of blood cells
- Protection of vital organs
- Aid movement
What are long bones?
They aid movement by working as levers (humerus, femur)
What are short bones?
weight bearing bones that provide support (carpals, tarsals)
What are flat bones?
provide protection and a broad surface for muscles to attach to. (cranium, ribs, scapular)
What are irregular bones?
provide protection and a place for muscle attachment. (vertebrae)
Types of joins?
- Hinge (knee, elbow, ankle)
- Pivot (neck)
- Ball and socket (hip, shoulder)
- Condyloid (wrist)
what are ligament?
ligaments join bone to bone, they keep joints stable
what are tendons?
tendons join muscle to bone, so when muscle contracts the muscle can pull on the bone and cause movements.
What are the types of muscle?
- cardiac
- voluntary
- involuntary
Cardiac muscle?
Found in the heart
Its unconsciously controlled, we don’t think abt it
e.g heart pumping blood around the body
Involuntary muscle?
Found in blood vessels and stomache
They are automatic and unconsciously controlled
e.g blood vessels help regulate blood flow for vascular shunting
voluntary muscle?
skeletal muscles that attach via tendons to the skeleton to allow movement.
they are consciously controlled, we move them when we want.
e.g contracting biceps to flex the arm
What are antagonistic pairs?
muscles that work together to provide movement. When one muscle contracts the other relaxes.
muscle contracting = agonist
muscle relaxing = antagonist
Antagonist muscle pair : Biceps and Triceps
Bicep - flextion or arm at elbow (bicep curl)
Tricep - extention of arm at elbow (straightening arms ina chest press)
When bicep contracts (agonist), Tricep relaxes (antagonist)
Antagonist muscle pair : Quadriceps and hamstrings
Quad - extention of the leg at the knee (straightening leg going over a hurdle)
Hamstring - flextion of the leg at the knee (bending leg going pver a hurdle)
As the hamstrings contract (agonist), the quadricep relaxes (antagonist)
Antagonist muscle pair : Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius - planter flextion at the at the ankle (pointing toes when jumping in trampolining)
Tibialis anterior - dorsi flextion at the ankle (bringing toes towards shins when extending legs in long jump)
Antagonist muscle pair : hip flectors and gluteous maximus
Hip flexors - flextion of leg at hip
Gluteous maximus - extention of leg at hip
Features of Fast twitch type IIa
- produce high force
- medium endurance
Resistant to fatigue than type iix
Features of Fast twitch type IIx
- produce very high force
- low endurance
Good for short explosive actions
Features of slow twitch type I
- produce low force
- High endurance
Good in endurance activities to keep going without tiring
what are the components of the cardiovascular system?
- Regulate body temp
- clotting open wounds
- transport of gases (oxygen / carbon dioxide)
how does the C.S regulate body temp?
- when we exercise we get hot as heat is a by product of energy
- we can also get cold doing exercise in low temperatures so the body tries to keep a constant temperature
how does the C.S clot open wounds ?
Platelets are transported in the blood and when there is a cut they clot the area to prevent stop bleeding
how does the C.S transport gases ?
- it transports oxygen around the body in the blood. it carries oxygen to working muscles and vital organs as it is needed in energy production.
- carbon dioxide is a by product of energy, and it takes carbon dioxide away from the muscles and out of the body
what are the components of Blood?
- plasma
- platelets
- RBC
- WBC
What is vasodilation ?
blood vessels dilate and become bigger to increase blood flow to active areas (working muscles) when exercising.
what is vasoconstriction ?
blood vessels constrict and become smaller to decrease blood flow to inactive areas (digestive system) when exercising.
How does blood travel through the heart ?
VAVA
deoxygenated : oxygenated
- in through vena cava - in through P vein
- then enter R atrium - then enter L atrium
- then enter R ventricle - then enter L ventricle
- the leave through R artery - then leave out aorta
what is the function of valves ?
valves prevent the back flow of blood to avoid the mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
what are the components of the blood vessels ?
Arteries
capillaries
veins
adaptations of Arteries ?
- Thick elastic walls / small lumen
- They carry blood AWAY from the heart at high pressure
- Blood pressure increases during exercise because muscles need more oxygen. The arteries contract and relax to increase and decrease blood flow and regulate blood pressure.
adaptations of the capillaries ?
- very thin walls / small lumen
- they link the arteries and vein
- They allow for gaseous exchange, walls are thin for oxygen to diffuse in and carbon dioxide out.
what is plasma ?
Liquid that transports blood cells, platelets and nutrients around the body.
adaptations of veins ?
- Thin walls / contains valves / large lumen
- carry blood at low pressure to the heart
what is Vascular shunting ?
Vascular shunting is the redistribution of blood. Blood is diverted from inactive areas (digestive system) to active areas (working muscles).
what does the platelets do ?
platelets prevent bleeding as they can stick together to form a clot and prevent blood loss.
what do RBC do ?
Red blood cells carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. oxygen diffuses into the blood from alveoli and binds with haemoglobin to be transported to working muscles.
Carbon dioxide produced will be transported away from the muscle in the plasma.
what do WBC do ?
help fight infections and diseases.
