Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are ligaments ?

A

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement .

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2
Q

What is synovial fluid ?

A

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity . Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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3
Q

What is articular cartilage ?

A

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones . Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

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4
Q

What is a joint capsule ?

A

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane . It encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid .

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5
Q

What is a bursa ?

A

A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones . Reduced friction between tendons and bones .

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6
Q

What are the three planes ?

A

Frontal Plane , Sagittal Plane , Transverse Plane

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7
Q

How does the sagital plane divide the body ?

A

Side to side

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8
Q

How does the Frontal Plane divide the body ?

A

Front to back

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9
Q

How does the transverse plane divide the body ?

A

Top to bottom

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10
Q

Types of joint ?

A

Condyloid joint, Hinge joint , Pivot joint , Ball and socket joint

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11
Q

What is a hinge joint ?

A

Bones that articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments which limit sideways movement . Motion is restricted to one plane. 180 degree movement

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12
Q

What is a pivot joint ?

A

A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane eg tibula fibia , radio-ulnar joint . 90 degree

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13
Q

What is a Ball and socket joint ?

A

A ball-shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes . 360 angle range

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14
Q

What is a condyloid joint ?

A

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes e.g the wrist joint . Bones slide over each other

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15
Q

What movements occur at the sagital plane ?

A

Flexion and extension .

Flexion usually decreases the joint angle to the anterior. Extension increase the joint angle to the posterior of the body :c

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16
Q

Name two types of Flexion at the ankle joint?

A

Dorsi Flexion up ,
Planter Flexion down ,

17
Q

What type of movement occurs at the frontal plane ?

A

Abduction and adduction

18
Q

What is abduction ?

A

Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

19
Q

What is adduction ?

A

Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

20
Q

What movement occurs at the transverse plane ?

A

Horizontal extension and horizontal Flexion

21
Q

What is horizontal extension ?

A

Horizontal extension of joint moved the articulating bone away from the midline of the body

22
Q

What is horizontal Flexion ?

A

Horizontal Flexion of a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body

23
Q

What are tendons ?

A

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

24
Q

What is a agonist muscle ?

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint also know as the prime mover

25
Q

What is a antagonist muscle ?

A

Antagonist muscle is the opposite to agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement

26
Q

What is a fixator ?

A

Muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another moves

27
Q

What are the four types of muscle contraction ?

A

Isotonic
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

28
Q

What is isotonic contraction ?

A

Contraction that changes in length and can occur in two ways - eccentric and concentric contraction

29
Q

What is concentric contraction ?

A

When the muscle contraction shortens which produces tension

30
Q

What is eccentric contraction ?

A

When muscular contraction lengthens while producing tension

31
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A

Muscular contraction that stays the same length while producing tension

32
Q

What is delayed onset muscle soreness ?

A

Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise , it’s associated with eccentric muscle contractions

33
Q

What is movement analysis ?

A

Analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement , including knowledge of the joint type ,articulating bones , movement pattern ,agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type

34
Q

What is a motor neuron ?

A

Nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

35
Q

What is a motor unit ?

A

A motor neuron and muscle fibres that are stimulated by its axon

36
Q

What is action potential ?

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conduct the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

37
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

38
Q

All or none law ?

A

Depending on wether the stimulus is above a threshold , all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

39
Q

5 steps of the all or none law

A
  1. Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
  2. Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
  4. if the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
  5. This happens in an all or none fashion