Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
what are ligaments ?
Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement .
What is synovial fluid ?
Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity . Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
What is articular cartilage ?
Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones . Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement
What is a joint capsule ?
A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane . It encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid .
What is a bursa ?
A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones . Reduced friction between tendons and bones .
What are the three planes ?
Frontal Plane , Sagittal Plane , Transverse Plane
How does the sagital plane divide the body ?
Side to side
How does the Frontal Plane divide the body ?
Front to back
How does the transverse plane divide the body ?
Top to bottom
Types of joint ?
Condyloid joint, Hinge joint , Pivot joint , Ball and socket joint
What is a hinge joint ?
Bones that articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments which limit sideways movement . Motion is restricted to one plane. 180 degree movement
What is a pivot joint ?
A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane eg tibula fibia , radio-ulnar joint . 90 degree
What is a Ball and socket joint ?
A ball-shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes . 360 angle range
What is a condyloid joint ?
Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes e.g the wrist joint . Bones slide over each other
What movements occur at the sagital plane ?
Flexion and extension .
Flexion usually decreases the joint angle to the anterior. Extension increase the joint angle to the posterior of the body :c
Name two types of Flexion at the ankle joint?
Dorsi Flexion up ,
Planter Flexion down ,
What type of movement occurs at the frontal plane ?
Abduction and adduction
What is abduction ?
Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
What is adduction ?
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
What movement occurs at the transverse plane ?
Horizontal extension and horizontal Flexion
What is horizontal extension ?
Horizontal extension of joint moved the articulating bone away from the midline of the body
What is horizontal Flexion ?
Horizontal Flexion of a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body
What are tendons ?
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
What is a agonist muscle ?
A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint also know as the prime mover
What is a antagonist muscle ?
Antagonist muscle is the opposite to agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement
What is a fixator ?
Muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another moves
What are the four types of muscle contraction ?
Isotonic
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric
What is isotonic contraction ?
Contraction that changes in length and can occur in two ways - eccentric and concentric contraction
What is concentric contraction ?
When the muscle contraction shortens which produces tension
What is eccentric contraction ?
When muscular contraction lengthens while producing tension
what is isometric contraction?
Muscular contraction that stays the same length while producing tension
What is delayed onset muscle soreness ?
Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise , it’s associated with eccentric muscle contractions
What is movement analysis ?
Analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement , including knowledge of the joint type ,articulating bones , movement pattern ,agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type
What is a motor neuron ?
Nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
What is a motor unit ?
A motor neuron and muscle fibres that are stimulated by its axon
What is action potential ?
Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conduct the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
What is a neurotransmitter?
A chemical produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre
All or none law ?
Depending on wether the stimulus is above a threshold , all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all
5 steps of the all or none law
- Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
- Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
- if the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
- This happens in an all or none fashion
