Applied Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

what are ligaments ?

Answer 1

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement .

Question 2

What is synovial fluid ?

Answer 2

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity . Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 3

What is articular cartilage ?

Answer 3

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones . Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

Question 4

What is a joint capsule ?

Answer 4

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane . It encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid .

Question 5

What is a bursa ?

Answer 5

A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones . Reduced friction between tendons and bones .

Question 6

What are the three planes ?

Answer 6

Frontal Plane , Sagittal Plane , Transverse Plane

Question 7

How does the sagital plane divide the body ?

Answer 7

Side to side

Question 8

How does the Frontal Plane divide the body ?

Answer 8

Front to back

Question 9

How does the transverse plane divide the body ?

Answer 9

Top to bottom

Question 10

Types of joint ?

Answer 10

Condyloid joint, Hinge joint , Pivot joint , Ball and socket joint

Question 11

What is a hinge joint ?

Answer 11

Bones that articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments which limit sideways movement . Motion is restricted to one plane. 180 degree movement

Question 12

What is a pivot joint ?

Answer 12

A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bone which restricts motion to one plane eg tibula fibia , radio-ulnar joint . 90 degree

Question 13

What is a Ball and socket joint ?

Answer 13

A ball-shaped head articulates with a cup-shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes . 360 angle range

Question 14

What is a condyloid joint ?

Answer 14

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes e.g the wrist joint . Bones slide over each other

Question 15

What movements occur at the sagital plane ?

Answer 15

Flexion and extension .

Flexion usually decreases the joint angle to the anterior. Extension increase the joint angle to the posterior of the body :c

Question 16

Name two types of Flexion at the ankle joint?

Answer 16

Dorsi Flexion up ,
Planter Flexion down ,

Question 17

What type of movement occurs at the frontal plane ?

Answer 17

Abduction and adduction

Question 18

What is abduction ?

Answer 18

Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

Question 19

What is adduction ?

Answer 19

Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

Question 20

What movement occurs at the transverse plane ?

Answer 20

Horizontal extension and horizontal Flexion

Question 21

What is horizontal extension ?

Answer 21

Horizontal extension of joint moved the articulating bone away from the midline of the body

Question 22

What is horizontal Flexion ?

Answer 22

Horizontal Flexion of a joint moves the articulating bone closer to the midline of the body

Question 23

What are tendons ?

Answer 23

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

Question 24

What is a agonist muscle ?

Answer 24

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint also know as the prime mover

Question 25

What is a antagonist muscle ?

Answer 25

Antagonist muscle is the opposite to agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement

Question 26

What is a fixator ?

Answer 26

Muscle that stabilises one part of the body while another moves

Question 27

What are the four types of muscle contraction ?

Answer 27

Isotonic
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

Question 28

What is isotonic contraction ?

Answer 28

Contraction that changes in length and can occur in two ways - eccentric and concentric contraction

Question 29

What is concentric contraction ?

Answer 29

When the muscle contraction shortens which produces tension

Question 30

What is eccentric contraction ?

Answer 30

When muscular contraction lengthens while producing tension

Question 31

what is isometric contraction?

Answer 31

Muscular contraction that stays the same length while producing tension

Question 32

What is delayed onset muscle soreness ?

Answer 32

Pain and stiffness felt in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise , it’s associated with eccentric muscle contractions

Question 33

What is movement analysis ?

Answer 33

Analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement , including knowledge of the joint type ,articulating bones , movement pattern ,agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type

Question 34

What is a motor neuron ?

Answer 34

Nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

Question 35

What is a motor unit ?

Answer 35

A motor neuron and muscle fibres that are stimulated by its axon

Question 36

What is action potential ?

Answer 36

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conduct the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

Question 37

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 37

A chemical produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

Question 38

All or none law ?

Answer 38

Depending on wether the stimulus is above a threshold , all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

Question 39

5 steps of the all or none law

Answer 39

1. Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
2. Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
4. if the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
5. This happens in an all or none fashion