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AQA GCSE PE Paper 1 > Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the main 14 bones

A

Cranium (Skull)
Scapula (Shoulder)
Sternum (Breast Bone)
Ribs
Humerus (Upper arm)
Radius (Forearm)
Ulna (Underside forearm)
Vertebrae (Spine)
Pelvis (Hips)
Femur (Thigh)
Patella (Knee)
Tibia (Calf)
Fibula (Shin)
Talus (Ankle)

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the Skeletal System?

A

Blood Cell production: Marrow inside muscles make new blood cells.
Movement: Bones are levers that are pulled by muscles to create movement.
Protection: They protect our vital organs.
Support: They support the soft tissue of the body as it forms a framework for muscles and ligaments to attach.
Shape: The overall shape of our bodies.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of bones?

A

Flat bones: Ribs, Cranium, Sternum, Pelvis for protection of vital organs.
Short bones: Tarsals (feet), Carpals (wrists) for finer movements.
Long bones: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna enable gross movement.

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4
Q

What are the types of joints called?

A

Synovial Joints.
Hinge Joints: Elbow, Knee
Ball and Socket: Hip, Ankle, Shoulder

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5
Q

What are the types of movements joints can perform?

A

Flexion, Extension
Abduction, Adduction
Rotation
Plantarflexion, Dorsiflexion

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6
Q

What is Flexion and Extension?

A

Flexion: Bending of the limbs at a joint.
Extension: Straightening of the limbs at a joint.

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7
Q

What is Abduction and Adduction?

A

Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body.

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8
Q

What is Rotation?

A

A circular motion around a fixed point.

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9
Q

What is Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion?

A

Plantarflexion: Movement involving the foot where the foot points downwards.
Dorsiflexion: Upwards flexion of the foot.

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10
Q

What are Synovial Joints made up of?

A

Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Joint capsule
Bursae
Cartilage
Ligaments

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11
Q

What is a Synovial Membrane?

A

Contains Synovial fluid.

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12
Q

What is Synovial fluid?

A

Produced by Synovial membrane to lubricate joints.

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13
Q

What is a Joint capsule?

A

Contains Synovial fluid.

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14
Q

What is a Bursae?

A

A fluid filled bag that reduces friction.

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15
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

They are pads at the ends of bones to keep friction free.

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16
Q

What are Ligaments?

A

They join bones to other bones to help prevent dislocation.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Skeletal - Voluntary Muscle
Smooth - Involuntary Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

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18
Q

What are Voluntary muscles?

A

They help move our body parts as they are attached to our skeletons.

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19
Q

What are Involuntary muscles?

A

They are not under our direct control and contract of their own accord. They are situated in the walls of many of our organs including our stomachs and blood vessels.

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20
Q

What are Cardiac muscles?

A

These muscles are only found in the Heart as our hearts are muscles.

21
Q

What are the 13 main muscles?

A

Rotator Cuffs ( Front shoulder)
Deltoids (Back shoulder)
Biceps (Front upper arm)
Triceps (Back upper arm)
Pectorals (Chest)
Abdominals (Torso)
Latissimus Dorsi (Back)
Hip Flexors (Hip)
Gluteals (Lower back)
Quadriceps (Front thighs)
Hamstrings (Back thigh)
Tibialis Anterior (Front calf)
Gastrocnemius (Back calf)

22
Q

How do muscles move?

A

Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. The tendon at the fixed (Non-moving) end is called the origin.
The tendon at the moving end is called the insertion.

23
Q

What are muscles arranged into?

A

Antagonistic pairs.

24
Q

What is the agonist?

A

The working muscle that shortens and contracts.

25
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The relaxing muscle that lengthens and relaxes.

26
Q

What are the 4 types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric
Isotonic
Eccentric
Concentric

27
Q

What are Isometric contractions?

A

The muscle doesn’t move and therefore produces static strength.

28
Q

What are Isotonic contractions?

A

Contractions where movement is created.

29
Q

What are Concentric contractions?

A

The muscle shortens and fattens. When the muscle shortens it pulls on the bones, causing them to move.

30
Q

What are Eccentric contractions?

A

The muscle lengthens and relaxes.

31
Q

What is the word equation for Aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + carbon Dioxide + Water

32
Q

What is aerobic respiration used in?

A

Exercise lasting longer than 30 mins. It is low/medium intensity exercise level such as endurance events.

33
Q

What is the word equation for Anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = Energy + Lactic Acid

34
Q

What is anaerobic respiration used in?

A

Exercise lasting 3 mins or less, normally 1 and a half minutes. It is for high intensity exercise which involves maximal effort.

35
Q

What is Lactic acid?

A

Waste product from anaerobic exercise.

36
Q

What is Oxygen Debt?

A

A temporary oxygen shortage in the body due to strenuous exercise.

37
Q

What is EPOC?

A

An increased rate of oxygen intake after strenuous exercise.

38
Q

How long can it take Lactic acid to leave the body?

A

7 hours.

39
Q

What are short term effects of exercise?

A

Tiredness/Fatigue
Light-headedness
Nausea
Aching (DOMS)
Cramps

40
Q

How long do the short term effects of exercise last?

A

24-36 hours after exercise.

41
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise?

A

Body shape may change
Build muscle strength
Improve muscular endurance
Improve speed
Improve flexibility
Build cardiovascular endurance
Hypertrophy
Bradycardia

42
Q

Why does body shape change after a long period of exercising?

A

If exercise is mainly anaerobic there will be an increase in muscle size due to fat stores being used up to be used as glucose.

43
Q

Why does muscle strength increase after a long period of exercise?

A

Muscles are forced to contract as had as they can during resistance training.

44
Q

Why does muscular endurance increase after a long period of exercise?

A

The repeated working and contracting of muscles during regular exercise increase endurance.

45
Q

Why does speed improve after a long period of exercise?

A

Rapid anaerobic movements such as sprinting increase speed over time.

46
Q

Why does flexibility improve after a long period of exercise?

A

The muscles become more flexible after stretching regularly which allows them to cope with additional stresses.

47
Q

Why does cardiovascular endurance increase after a long period of exercise?

A

The circulatory system becomes more efficient due to the heart muscle increasing in size.

48
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size of muscle.

49
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Repeated exercise allows stroke volume to increase but cardiac output stays the same.

AQA GCSE PE Paper 1 (2 decks)

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