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Rex > Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the impact of physical activity on health and fitness

A

Health - the state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing

Physical
Heart disease - occur when the coronary arteries become blocked or narrow because of the build up of fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) causing a restriction in blood flow to the heart. Regular exercise keeps the heart healthy meaning it can pump more blood around the body more efficiently
Cholesterol - LDL (low density lipoproteins) transport cholesterol in the blood. This is bad cholesterol as it is linked to an increased risk of heart disease. HDL (high density lipoproteins) transport cholesterol in the blood back to the liver to be broken down. This is good cholesterol as it lowers the risk. Regular exercise lowers LDL and increases HDL.

Social
Develop teamwork, leadership, communication and build friendships

Emotional
Release endorphins in the brain that boost mood, relieve stress and relieve anxiety

Mental
Improve decision making and problem solving

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2
Q

Describe the cardiac conduction system

A

The beat starts in the heart muscle with an electrical signal in the sinoatrial node. The impulse then passes through the atrioventricular node. The electrical impulse then passes down through some specialised fibres which form the bundle of his. The bundle branches then transport the signal to the purkinje fibres which spread throughout the ventricles causing the contraction

SAN
AVN
Bundle of his
Bundle branches
Purjinke fibres
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3
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

Detect an increase in carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

Detect and changes in blood pressure

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5
Q

What do Proprioceptors do

A

Detect changes in muscle movement

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6
Q

Blood redistribution

A

The redirection of blood flow to working muscles (vascular shunting). Ensures that the right muscles receive adequate amounts of oxygen and co2 removal at the right time to avoid fatigue and allow continued performance in an activity.

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7
Q

What is venous return and the three mechanisms

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava. This increases during exercise

Skeletal muscle pump - Muscles change shape when contracting which puts pressure on the mains creating a squeeze/pump action of blood towards the heart

Respiratory pump - As we breathe in and out pressure is put on our stomach and chest leading to pressure on nearby veins which pump blood towards the heart

Pocket valves - Ensures blood flows in the correct one way with no backflow

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8
Q

Starlings law

A

The more blood being pumped back to the heart, the more blood being pumped out, so stroke volume increases

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9
Q

3 types of muscle fibre

A 
Type 1 (slow twitch)
Type 2a (fast oxidative glycotic)
Type 2b (fast glycotic)
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10
Q

Characteristics of type 1 slow twitch muscle fibres

A 
Slow to fatigue
Low force production
High fat stores
High levels of mitochondrial
Eg. Marathon runner
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11
Q

Characteristics of type 2a fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres

A

High force production
Fast contraction
Quick to fatigue
Eg. Speed endurance events like 400m sprint

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12
Q

Characteristics of type 2b fast glycolytic muscle fibres

A

Very quick to fatigue
Very high force production
Very fast contraction
Eg. Weightlifting, shotput

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13
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillary via diffusion. This occurs as the gas moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Oxygen travels in from the alveoli and diffuses into the blood.
Carbon dioxide travels from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Huge surface area allowing for greater uptake of oxygen
Lots of capillaries surrounding alveoli for high blood supply
Very thin walls (one cell thick) so shorter diffusion pathway

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14
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume inspired or expired per breath

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15
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

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16
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

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17
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

18
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

Minute ventilation = number of breaths per minute x tidal volume

19
Q

Impact of smoking

A

Damage to cilia - The cilia are microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles. The smoke from the cigarette damages them, slowing them down which leads to a build up of mucus in the lung passages

Oxygen transport - Carbon monoxide from the cigarette combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen. This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood leading to breathlessness during exercise.

20
Q

Wave summation

A

Where there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs rather than twitches

21
Q

Spatial summation

A

When the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of motor units. The recruitment of additional and bigger motor units within a muscle to develop more force.

Eg, basketball player using lots of larger fast twitch units in quads to jump as high as possible for a rebound

22
Q

All or none law

A

A sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contact. If this threshold is not met then none contract.

23
Q

Tetanic

A

A sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli creating a strong, smooth movement eg, smash in tennis

24
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Tension in a muscle but no visible movement

25
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

When the length of a muscle increases as tension is produced

26
Q

Concentric contraction

A

When the length of the muscle shortens as tension is produced

27
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensitive proprioreceptors that lie between skeletal muscle fibres. They detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched. An impulse is sent back to the muscle telling it to contract which triggers a stretch reflex causing the muscle to contract, preventing overstretching, reducing injury risk.

28
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Found between the muscle fibre and tendon. They detect level of tension in a muscle. They send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the agonist muscle to relax and lengthen. This is called autogenic inhibition

29
Q

Joint type, articulating bones and joint actions at SHOULDER

A

Ball and socket joint
Humerus + scapula
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

30
Q

Joint type, articulating bones and joint actions at ELBOW

A

Hinge joint
Humerus, ulna, radius
Flexion, extension

31
Q

Joint type, articulating bones and joint action at HIP

A

Ball and socket
Pelvis, femur
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

32
Q

Joint type, articulating bones and joint actions at the KNEE

A

Hinge
Femur, tibia
Flexion, extension

33
Q

Joint type, articulating bones and joint actions at the ANKLE

A

Hinge
Talus, tibia, fibula
Plantar flexion, dorsi flexion

34
Q

Antagonist pair of shoulder flexion and shoulder extension

A

Flexion
Agonist - Anterior deltoid
Antagonist - latissimus dorsi

Extension
Vice-versa

35
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical division into left and right halves

36
Q

Frontal plane

A

Vertical plane dividing body into front and back

37
Q

Transverse plane

A

Horizontal division into top and bottom

38
Q

Transverse axis

A

Table football, horizontal line through through sides of body

39
Q

Sagittal axis

A

Horizontal line through stomach

40
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

Vertical line from top to bottom

41
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

Exercise in high temperature (10 mins)
Sweat more
Less water in blood
Decreased stroke volume and arterial pressure
Heart works harder to maintain oxygen demand of muscles

42
Q

Venous return

A

The difference in oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

Rex (3 decks)

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