Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards
Identify the bones located in the upper body
Head/Neck - Cranium and vertebrae Shoulder - Scapula and humerus Chest - Ribs and sternum Elbow - Humerus, radius and ulna Hands - Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Identify the bones located in the lower body
Hip - Pelvis and femur Knee - Femur, tibia and patella Ankle - Tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.
Identify the three functions of the skeleton
Three of: 1. Protection of vital organs by flat bones 2. Muscle attachment 3. Joints for movement 4. Mineral storage 5. Blood cell production
Explain how the functions of the skeleton are applied to performance in physical activity
Protection: Certain parts of the skeleton protect the body’s organs from external forces. e.g. the brain is inside the cranium (heading a football), the ribs protect the heart and lungs. These are specifically important during contact sports such as rugby and boxing. Joints for movement: The skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for the muscles to pull against. A joint is where two or more bones join together and allow movement to take place. Mineral Storage: Minerals are stored and released in the body when needed. This allows the body to maintain a stable balance of key minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are both needed for strong bones and teeth. Blood cell production: Inner marrow of long bones produce red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body to working muscles. This is specifically important for aerobic athletes, such as marathon runners, team game athletes
Identify the muscles located in the upper body
Latissimus dorsi - located at the back Deltoid - located at the shoulder Rotator cuffs - located at the shoulder Pectorals - located at the chest Biceps - located at the arms Triceps - located at the arms Abdominals - located at the torso
Identify two types of freely movable joints
- Hinge joint 2. Ball and socket joint
Where on the body are hinge joints found?
- Elbow 2. Knee 3. Ankle
Where on the body are ball and socket joints found?
- Hip 2. Shoulder
Identify the muscles located in the lower body
- Hip flexors 2. Gluteals 3. Hamstring group 4. Quadriceps group 5. Gastrocnemius 6. Tibialis anterior
What is the role of a ligaments?
Ligaments attach bone to bone and provide support at a joint.
What is the role of tendons?
Tendons attach muscle to bone and allow movement around a joint.
What freely movable joints does flexion/extension occur?
Flexion/extension occurs at the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee.
What freely movable joint does abduction/adduction occur?
Abduction/adduction occurs at the shoulder.
What freely movable joint does rotation occur?
Rotation occurs at the shoulder.
What freely moveable joint does plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion occur?
Plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle.
What is an agonist?
The muscle which causes the movement (prime mover). For example when you extend your leg (knee joint), the quadriceps contract (agonist).
What is an antagonist?
The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract.
What does the term antagonistic pairs mean?
Muscles work in pairs to allow the body to move. As one muscle contracts, the second muscle relaxes. As the second muscle contracts, the first muscle relaxes. This is known as antagonistic muscle action.
What are the different types of muscle contractions?
Isotonic: where the muscles change lengths (shorten or lengthen). Concentric (muscles shorten) and Eccentric (muscles lengthen) Isometric: The muscle remains at the same length. For example during a scrum a prop’s on the initial engage contracts his quadriceps but they do not lengthen or shorten. This would change after the initial impact though.
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric (isotonic) contractions?
Concentric: muscle shortens Eccentric: muscle lengthens
Give three examples of an isometric muscle contraction in three different physical activities.
Gymnast balancing Athlete/swimmer on starting blocks Weight-lifter holding finishing position Wicket-keeper waiting for delivery of the ball.
Identify the pathway of air from the mouth to the alveoli.
Air travels through the: Mouth/Nose Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli
Where does gaseous exchange occur?
At the alveoli in the lungs or in the working muscles
Breathing enables gaseous exchange to occur at the alveoli. Outline how two features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange.
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks. • Large surface area of alveoli to allow larger volumes of gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream (1) • Moist thin walls / one cell thick creating a short distance for diffusion / short diffusion pathway (1) • Lots of capillaries around the alveoli so large area for gas exchange (1) • Large blood supply to carry gases / oxygen and carbon dioxide (1) • Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration means there is a pressure gradient which allows diffusion to occur (1) Accept any other suitable outline of how features of the alveoli assist in gaseous exchange. Answers must link the feature to how it assists in gaseous exchange.
What carries oxygen around the body?
Red blood cells (specifically haemoglobin). Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrying capacity within red blood cells. Fact: Haemoglobin can also carry carbon dioxide.
Name the three blood vessels in the body.
- Arteries 2. Veins 3. Capillaries
Give the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries.
Arteries: Arteries are thick, muscular and have elastic walls to withstand pressure. They have a small lumen (internal diameter). Veins: Veins have valves that stop back flow. Are not elastic (do not stretch or have a pulse). They have a thin wall, but have a large lumen (internal diameter) Capillaries: The walls are one cell thick that allows gaseous exchange to occur. Very narrow - only one cell at a time.
Give the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries.
Arteries: Veins: Capillaries:
What is vasodilation?
When the blood vessels increase in diameter that increases blood flow around the body.
What is vasoconstriction?
When the blood vessels decrease in diameter and restrict/reduce blood flow.
How does the structure of arteries link to its function?
Carry blood away from the heart, with most (but not all) carrying bright red oxygenated blood. They have elastic walls that allow for it to withstand the pressure (from the heart pumping).
How does the structure of veins link to its function?
They carry blood towards the heart, with most (but not all) carrying dark deoxygenated blood. They have no stretch and are thin-walled as they do not need to withstand large amounts of pressure. Veins have valves which prevent backflow of blood.
How does the structure of cappilaries link to its function?
Capillaries have a large network of tiny vessels that link to arteries and veins. This allows for gaseous exchange to occur to working muscles around the body. They are very narrow that allows one red blood cell at a time. They have very thin walls (one cell thick) to allow rapid diffusion of substances into and out of the blood (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
What are the names for the arteries and veins that enter and leave the heart?
Arteries: Pulmonary artery enters the heart transporting oxygenated blood to go to the heart. The Aorta leaves the heart to transport oxygenated blood around the body (to vital organs and muscles). Veins: Pulmonary Vein leaves the heart transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The Vena Cava transports deoxygenated blood from the vital organs and muscles to the heart.
