applied Flashcards
what do health psychs do?
could b clinical psychs working w/ ppl with other health issues, could b promoting health, could work on therapeutic relationship between patient + other healthcare workers
environmental psych
how ppl relate to their environment, might look at factors how neighbourhood u live in could influence behaviour
scientist-practitioner model
need to do research + apply it
descriptive research methods examples:
- observations - observe ppl’s behaviour
- focus groups - talking 2 a group of ppl
- epidemiological studies - looking at disease trends
- incident analysis - why r things going wrong, how could they b better
absolute validity
to what extent do the results u get realistically reproduce what u get irl
face validity
how measure appears to participants, do they see it as valid?
relative validity
do we get same pattern of results across different methods
what indicates practical significance + not just statistical significance?
how big is effect size, how meaningful is effect
ergonomics (more physical work)/human factors (more psych aspects) brief def
concerned w/ understanding interactions between humans + other elements of a system
when did human factors get popular?
mid-20th century, triggered by WW2 - getting psychologists 2 work on optimising the work of military + air force personnel etc.
what does HFE stand 4?
human factors n ergonomics
HFE characteristics
- takes a systems approach - looking at how humans work w/ tech + other systems, as well as overall system in which humans operate (e.g. laws)
- design driven + outcome-focused (performance, safety, user satisfaction)
key difference between HFE + org psych:
org psych is people working w/ people, HFE is people working w/ things/tech
usability
how easy + pleasant is it 2 use
what does the design aspect of HFE look @?
- usability
- equipment (physical ergonomics)
- tasks (look at way it’s being carried out - is it effective)
- environment
- organisation/regulation
ambient environment
people’s immediate work space
e.g. of issues w/ workplace processes
carrying out abortion on wrong person due 2 workers not following procedures as they should + having communication difficulties
error of commission
action that shouldn’t have been done or was done incorrectly
error of omission
action that wasn’t done (failure to execute action), more common in healthcare
human error template/HET
- fail to execute
- execution incomplete
- executed in the wrong direction
- wrong task executed
- task repeated
- executed on wrong interface element (e.g. B-17 using wrong control)
- executed too early
- executed too late
- executed too much
- executed too little
- misread information
- other
HTA/hierarchical task analysis def
working out what the tasks r
Stanton et al., 2010
- 8 undergrads trained 2 use HET
- compared errors that they predicted w/ alternative methods 4 error prediction + actual errors that ppl had made flying planes
- gave them diff scenarios, undergrads worked out how likely particular errors were
- key limitation of using this is that likelihood is really easy 2 quantify, but criticality is harder 2 quantify - differing criticality for diff individuals
vigilance
ability 2 maintain attentional focus n remain alert over prolonged periods, can involve detecting discrete events (e.g. warning light that smth’s gone wrong)
key features of vigilance tasks
- monitor 1+ info task
- prolonged period - between 5 mins-2 hrs for research vigilance tasks, irl example could b a security guard working 8 hr shift
- detect low probability signal
- signal requires response