application of scientific method in psychology

Question 1

Major features of science

Answer 1

Objectivity 
Empirical method
Replicability
Control 
Falsifiability
Theory construction Hypothesis testing

Question 2

To be valid needs to be ?

Answer 2

reliable but can be reliable and not valid

Question 3

Empirical method is what?

Answer 3

info gained through direct observation/ experiment instead of beliefs with no ground or reasoned argument. Look for empirically based fact but some have been without

Question 4

Objectivity is what?

Answer 4

not affected by expectations of researchers, systematic collection of measurable data at heart of scientific method- carefully control conditions e.g lab

Question 5

Replicability is what?

Answer 5

repeating procedures to hopefully get same or similar result- record procedures so can be repeated by others- about validity for reliability would test same people

Question 6

Control is what?

Answer 6

standardising procedures and materials and holding variables constant whilst manipulating variables (IV)

Question 7

Falsifiability is what?

Answer 7

able to prove a hypothesis was wrong- being able to make a statement which can be proven wrong- can be a limitation if cannot prove wrong e.g. Freudian lacks falsifiability so not scientific

Question 8

Theory construction is what?

Answer 8

theories must be made to make sense of the facts- it’s a collection of principles that explain observation and facts. Use both inductive and deductive methods so theory comes before hypothesis testing and can come after

Question 9

inductive theory construction

Answer 9

hyp after

Question 10

deductive theory construction

Answer 10

hyp before

Question 11

Hypothesis testing is what?

Answer 11

theories modifies by hypothesis testing, good way to test validity of a theory good one able to generate testable expectations- can be changed and adapted if fails

Question 12

Falsifiability- popper

Answer 12

Refers to the idea that a theory can only be a science if it has had scientifically scrutinized when attempts have been made to prove it false- see if stands up to pressure of being disproved

Question 13

Falsifiability based on what assumption

Answer 13

hat no amount of evidence can completely prove a theory to be correct- but takes 1 piece of evidence to prove a theory wrong

Question 14

Falisifiability- when do theories become scientific laws

Answer 14

about testing null- either accepts or rejects in favour of alternative hypothesis
Theories become scientific laws after being tested and tested until paradigm shift

Question 15

Popper thought theories should come when

Answer 15

1st

Question 16

Paradigm is what

Answer 16

general theory of law that is accepted by majority of scientist in the particular field of study

Question 17

Paradigm shift is what

Answer 17

over time evidence accumulates that suggests current is less adequate then was s current paradigm I replaced by a new paradigm (paradigm shift)

Question 18

Kuhn’s development of science 3 stages

Answer 18

3 distinct stages:
Pre science- a lot of theories not one generally accepted
Normal science – 1 generally accepted which dominates science
Revolutionary science- loads of evidence to go against accepted view and then paradigm shift