Appetite and Diabetes

Question 1

Define satiety

Define satiation

Answer 1

Sensation of being full

Process bringing an eating episode to the end

Question 2

Define appetite

Answer 2

Desire to eat food

Question 3

Define hunger

Answer 3

Requirement to eat food

Question 4

Define anorexia

Answer 4

Lack of appetite

Question 5

What happens in the satiety cascade?

Answer 5

1) Sensory
2) Cognitive
3) Post Ingestive
4) Post Absorptive

Question 6

Which brain structures are responsible for regulating appetite?

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

1) Lat Hypothalamus: Hunger Centre
2) Ventromedial: Satiety centre

Question 7

What hormone can be used to treat anorexia and what action does it have?

Answer 7

T: Ghrelin
A: Stimulates NPY and AGRP –> Increases appetite

Question 8

What role does CCK have in satiety?

Answer 8

1) Delays gastric emptying
2) Gall bladder contraction
(Appetite decreases)

Question 9

What is the function of leptin?

Answer 9

It supresses appetite,

Serum levels increase after eating and decrease after fasting

Question 10

How does Leptin switch off appetite?

Answer 10

1) Leptin inhibits NPY and AGRP
2) Leptin activates POMC and CART
Appetite is decreased

Question 11

What happens if someone was Leptin deficient?

Answer 11

They may become obese

Question 12

Describe the association between obesity and shift work.

Answer 12

Obesity is more prevalent in people who do shift work.

Sleeping out of phase affects the metabolic circadian rhythm.

Question 13

Give an example of a food that gives quick and short satiety.

Answer 13

Highly refined sugar.

Question 14

What is an example of a food that gives prolonged satiety?

Answer 14

Protein.

Question 15

Why is type 2 diabetes a public health issue?

Answer 15

1) Increasing prevalence -> Affecting younger
2) Lack of effective policy (national, global or local)
3) Major inequalities in prevalence and outcomes

Question 16

What does diabetes prevalence depend on?

Answer 16

1) Primary Prevention: Incidence of condition
2) Secondary: % incidences of diagnosed cases
3) Tertiary: Survival from diagnosis

Question 17

What are the risk factors of developing type 2 diabetes?

Answer 17

1. Sedentary job, lack of exercise.
2. Obesity.
3. Family history.
4. History of gestational diabetes.
5. Hypertension.
6. IGT and IFG.

Question 18

What is the tertiary prevention of diabetes?

Answer 18

1) Self monitoring
2) Diet - healthy eating
3) Exercise
4) Education
5) Peer support

Question 19

What medication can be used to treat someone with a BMI over 35 or is pre-diabetic

Answer 19

Metformin

Question 20

What is an obesogenic environment?

Answer 20

Environment causing people to eat unhealthily and not do enough exercise

Question 21

What are the characteristics of an obesogenic environment?

Answer 21

Physical: Lifts, Cars, TV/Remote
Economic: Expensive fruit and veg
Socio-Cultural: Family eating patterns and poor choices

Question 22

What are 3 mechanisms that lead to people gaining weight?

Answer 22

1) Physical: Weigh more = more difficult to exercise
2) Psychological: Low self esteem-> comfort eating
3) Socioeconomic: Reduced opportunities and employment