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Neuroanatomy I > APPENDIX A > Flashcards

APPENDIX A Flashcards

1
Q

Chordata (kor-da’tah)

A

Phylum in which man is classified

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2
Q

Vertebrata (ver´´tӗ-bra´tah)

A

Subphylum in which man is classified

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3
Q

Mammalia (mah-ma’le-ah)

A

Class in which man is classified

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4
Q

Primate (pri´māt)

A

Order in which man is classified

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5
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Proper way to write genus and species of man

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6
Q

Adenohypophysis (ad´´ӗ-no-hi-pof-ĭ-sis)

A

The anterior and intermediate part of the pituitary gland

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7
Q

Neurohypophysis (noor´´o-hi-pof´ə-sis)

A

The posterior pituitary or “pars nervosa”

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8
Q

Hypophysis Cerebri (hi-pof´ə-sis sə-re´bri)

A

pituitary gland (entire structure)

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9
Q

Epiphysis Cerebri (ə-pif´ə-sis sə-re´bri)

A

pineal gland (body)

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10
Q

Embryo (em´bre-o)

A

The name given to the developing human prior to the end of the second month of gestation

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11
Q

Fetus (fe´təs)

A

Name applied to the developing human after the second month through parturition (birth)

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12
Q

Neonate (ne´o-nāt)

A

The newborn infant (at this point we prefer calling them Fred, Sally, etc.)

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13
Q

Denate (den´tāt)

A

notch or toothlike

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14
Q

Arcuate (ar´ku-āt)

A

Arrange like an arch

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15
Q

Striae (striatal) (stri´e)

A

A groove or streak-like formation

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16
Q

Rectus (rek´təs)

A

Means straight

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17
Q

Reticular (rə-tik´u-Iər)

A

Net-like

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18
Q

Fissure (fish´ər)

A

A relatively deep groove (infolding)

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19
Q

Sulcus (sul´kəs)

A

A relatively shallow groove (infolding)

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20
Q

Gyrus (ji´rəs)

A

Tortuous convolution. Usually found between the sulci and/or fissures of the cerebrum

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21
Q

Folia (fo´le-ə)

A

small page-like gyri of the cerebellum

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22
Q

Nuclei (noo´kle-i)

A

As used in neurology, a cluster or group of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS

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23
Q

Ganglia (gang´gle-ə)

A

A cluster or group of neuron cell bodies within the PNS (a few exceptions do exist within the CNS)

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24
Q

Neuron (noor’ on)

A

A nerve cell

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25
Q

Perikaryon (per´´ ĭ -kar´e-on)

A

used synonymously with the cell body (soma) of the neuron

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26
Q

Axon (ak´son)

A

A process of a neuron which carries the impulse away from the cell body (perikaryon)

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27
Q

Dendrite (den´drīt)

A

A process (often several) of a neuron which carries a charge or impulse toward the cell body

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28
Q

Fiber (fi’ ber)

A

If a neuron has a dominately long process (dendrite or axon) that process can be called a “fiber.” It may be designated also as a “nerve fiber” or a “neuron fiber”

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29
Q

Nerve (nerv)

A

These are the whitish appearing PNS structures fill with neuron fibers which innervate body’s parts

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30
Q

Ramus (ra´məs)

A

Literall means a branch. In neurology, we call the major branches off the spinal nerve trunks the white ramus, gray ramus, ventral ramus etc

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31
Q

Axolemma (ak-so-lem´ah)

A

Name often applied to the outer plasma membrane (plasmalemma) of an axon

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32
Q

Neurilemma (noor´´ ĭ-lem´ə)

A

A covering around a neuron fiber created by a surrounding cell (It may or may not be myelinated)

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33
Q

Vertebral Canal (Neural Canal)

A

passageway created by the continuous nature of vertebral foramina

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34
Q

Central Canal

A

A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata

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35
Q

Aqueduct (ak´we-dukt´´)

A

passageway, e.g.– cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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36
Q

Leptomeninx (lep´´to-men´inks)

A

Thin membrane. Collective term for the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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37
Q

Pachymeninx (pak´´e-me´ninks)

A

Thick membrane. Used synonymously with the dura mater

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38
Q

Somesthetic (so´´mes-thet´ik)

A

To sense the body

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39
Q

Modality (mo-dal´ĭ-te)

A

A specific sensory entity, such as gustatory (taste), olfaction (smell), pain, etc.

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40
Q

Proprioception (pro´´pre-o-sep´shən)

A

The modality of subconscious awareness of body position and muscle movement

41
Q

Kinesthesia (kin´´es-the´zhə)

A

The modality of conscious awareness of body position and muscle movement

42
Q

Adrenergic (ad´´ren-er´jik)

A

The releasing of adrenalin-like (norepinephrine included) molecules at a target site

43
Q

Cholinergic (ko´´lin-er´jik)

A

The releasing of choline-like (acetylcholine) molecules at a target site

44
Q

Chiasma (ki-as´mah)

A

A crossing-usually relating to the crossing of optic fibers (e.g. optic {this})

45
Q

Decussation (de´´kə-sa´ shən)

A

A crossing - used more liberally to indicate crossing of fibers and tracts in the CNS

46
Q

Contralateral (kon´´trah-lat-ər-əl)

A

To the opposite side

47
Q

Ipsilateral (ip´´sĭ-Iat´ər-əl)

A

On the same side

48
Q

Anterograde (an´ter-o-grād´´)

A

Going forward. In neurology often refers to going away from the neuron cell body

49
Q

Retrograde (ret´ro-grād)

A

Going backward. In neurology often refers to going back toward the cell body

50
Q

Fugal (fu´gəl)

A

Traveling away from. Used often as a suffix (e.g. pallidal{this} - away from the pallidal nuclei)

51
Q

Lesion (le´zhən)

A

Any type of injury, damage or “hurt canbe called a lesion

52
Q

Both Sides

Myelopathy (mi´´ə-lop´ə-the)

A

Lesion of the spinal cord (rarely used for entire CNS)

53
Q

Necrosis (nə-kro´sis)

A

Deadness. Death of cells or tissue

54
Q

Neoplasm (tumor) (ne´o-plaz- əm)

A

Any new abnormal growth

55
Q

Malignant (mə-lig´nənt)

A

Spreading life threatening neoplasm

56
Q

Metastatic (met´´ə-stat´´ik)

A

transferring to other tissue

57
Q

Idiopathic (id´´e-o-path´ik)

A

Generally used to mean something of unknown cause

58
Q

Ischemia (is-ke´me-ə)

A

Means to suppress blood supply to an area. This results in abnormal function and may lead to necrosis

59
Q

Hematoma (he´´mə-to´mə)

A

An accumulation of blood outside of the blood vessels (e.g. subdural hematoma, etc.)

60
Q

Aneurysm (an´u-rizm)

A

An abnormal dilation of a blood vessel wall and its lumen (forms a blood containing sac)

61
Q

Stroke (strōk)

A

Blood vascular loss in the CNS leading to permanent or prolonged brain damage (cerebrovascular accident)

62
Q

Angiography (an´´je-og´rah-fe)

A

X-ray of blood vessels injected with radiopaque dyes

63
Q

Myelography (mi´´ə-log´rə-fe)

A

X-ray of vertebral canal and spinal cord structures following injection of radiopaque dyes into the CSF.

64
Q

Both Sides

Ataxia (ah-tak´se-əh)

A

General term for irregularity in skeletal muscle coordination

65
Q

Paralysis (pə-ral´ĭ-sis)

A

Total or partial loss of normal motor function

66
Q

Aphasia (ah-fa´ze-ah)

A

Inability to communicate by speech, writing or signs

67
Q

Dysphasia (dis-fa´zhə)

A

A partial or unusual loss of communicative ability

68
Q

Archi (ar-kē)

A

Prefix meaning beginning or original

69
Q

Paleo (pa´le-o)

A

Prefix meaning “old” -similar to but not used interchangeably with “Archi” in the CNS

70
Q

Neo (ne´o)

A

Prefix meaning “new”-usually in contrast to archi or paleo

71
Q

Cauda Equina (kaw´dah ēkwī-nah)

A

Horses´ Tail

72
Q

Cephalgia (sĕ-fal´je-ah)

A

Headache (also spelled cephalagia)

73
Q

Cornu (kor´-nu)

cornua is plural

A

Horn-like projection

74
Q

Crus (krus)

A

Leg or Leg-like

75
Q

Cytoarchitecture (si´´to-ar´kĭ-tek´´tūr)

A

The pattern of cell arrangements

76
Q

Falx (falks)

Falces is plural

A

Sickle-shaped

77
Q

Fenestra (fə-nes´trə)

A

Window-like

78
Q

Foramen (fo-ra´mən)

A

Opening (such as foramen Magnum)

79
Q

Glial (gli´əl)

A

Literally means “glue like.” Several CNS cell types are included as glial cells

80
Q

Micron (mi´kron)

A

A metric system unit of length. The word means “small” and is measured at 1 x 10^-6 meters. μ is its abbreviation. (micrometer is synonymous)

81
Q

Operculum (o-per´ku-ləm)

A

Means lid or covering

82
Q

Pallium (pal´e-əm)

A

To “cloak.” Used synonymously with “cortex” (e.g. Cerebral cortex is the same as cerebral pallium)

83
Q

Pons (ponz)

A

Bridge. Located between the Medulla Oblongata (M.O.) and the midbrain (a subdivision of the brain stem)

84
Q

BBB

A

Blood Brain Barrier

85
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

86
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

87
Q

TIA

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (often precedes the CVA) or RIND (reversible ischemic neurologic deficit)

88
Q

DRG

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

89
Q

IVF

A

Intervertebral Foramen (opening through which the spinal nerve emerges from the vertebral canal)

90
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram (graph). Record and instrument used to pick up brain waves

91
Q

CAT

A

Computerized Axial Tomography device (employs X-rays and is widely used)

92
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (utilizes large magnets which rearrange hydrogen molecules)

93
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography (Device using radioactively labeled compounds for functional analysis)

94
Q

M.O.

A

Medulla Oblongata

95
Q

M.S.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

96
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

97
Q

GABA

A

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid. An amino acid which is a common inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter

98
Q

ACH

A

Acetylcholine (First neurotransmitter identified-widespread in CNS and PNS)

Neuroanatomy I (1 decks)

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