Appedix 1 Flashcards
Chemistry
The study of matter and its interactions.
Matter
Anything that has mass/ takes up space. Has a volume.
Scientific Method
- Propose a hypothesis. 2. Test the hypothesis. 3. Refine the hypothesis.
Physical + chemical properties
Describe the physical state of matter/ can be observed w/o changing the substance’s chemical identity.
Example: Color, shape, and density.
Chemical properties
Describe how matter interacts with other matter or other energy/ can only be established/ observed by changing the substance’s chemical identity.
Phases of matter (solid)
Shape: Defined Volume: Defined
Phases of matter (liquid)
Shape: Undefined Volume: Defined
Phases of matter (Gas)
Shape: Undefined Volume: Undefined
Rules of determining sig figs
All non-zero digits are significant.
All zeros below significant digits are significant.
Zeros whose only purpose is a placeholder are not significant.
She wants us to know.
milli, centi, micro, kilo, mega, and Density = M/V
Conversion Factors
Fraction/ ratio used to convert one unit from another
Atomic Theory
All of the elements on (P.T) are composed of Atoms.
Atomic Number
Z = number of protons in the nucleus
Mass #
A = the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of Protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Molecules
It is a combination of at least Z atoms to form a substance. Think of ice-cold beer.
Compound atoms to form a substance.
1s2
2s22p6
3s23p63d10
4s24p64d104f14
5s25p65d105f14
6s26p66d106f14
7s27p67d107f14
8s28p28d108f14
Chemical Bond
It is a strong interaction between two atoms. Formed via interactions between electrons.
Valence electrons
Sand P electrons in the highest energy level.
Octet Rule
Atoms tend to react so that their outer shell of (valence) e- (step) has 8 e-.
How can atoms get a full outer shell (octet)
Form chemical bonds:
Covalent: Share e’s b/w atoms.
Ionic: Transfer e’s b/w atoms
+ charge overall - Cation
- charge overall - anion
