Appeasment And Road To War Beggining To Rearmament Flashcards
1
Q
Policy of Appeasment?
A
The policy followed by Britian during the 1930s where they sought to prevent war by giving in to Germany/Hitlers demands
2
Q
When was the Treaty of Versailles?
A
28th of June 1919
3
Q
When did Germany withdraw from the Geneva disarmament conference?
A
1933
4
Q
When did Hitler become chancellor of Germany
A
1933
5
Q
When was the assassination of Dollfuss?
A
1934
6
Q
When did Hitler admit the existence of the luftwaffle and introduce conscription?
A
March 1935
7
Q
When was the German Anglo-Naval deal
A
1935
8
Q
When did Germany remilitarise the Rhineland?
A
7th of March 1936
9
Q
When was the Franco Russian Mutual assistance pact?
A
February 1936
10
Q
When did Schuschnigg visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden
A
February 1938
11
Q
When did German troops march in to Austria and achieve the Aunchsluss
A
March 1938
12
Q
When did the Austrian people vote in favour of the Aunchsluss?
A
April 1938
13
Q
When was the May crisis in Czechoslovakia?
A
May 1938
14
Q
When did Hitler make a speech in Nunemberg threatening Czechoslovakia?
A
13th of September 1938
15
Q
When did Chamberlain fly to Berchtesgaden to meet Hitler?
A
15th of September 1938
16
Q
When did Chamberlain meet Hitler at Godesberg?
A
22 of September 1938
17
Q
When was the Munich conference held?
A
29th of September 1938
18
Q
When did Germany take over Bohemia and Moravia, with Sloviakia becoming a German protectorate?
A
15th of March 1939
19
Q
When was the Anglo-Polish guarantee?
A
31st of March 1939
20
Q
When was the pact of steel between Italy and Germany formed
A
May 1939
21
Q
When was the Nazi-Soviet non aggression pact formed?
A
August 1939
22
Q
When did Germany invade Poland?
A
Ist of September 1939
23
Q
When did Britian declare war on Germany?
A
3rd of September 1939
24
Q
Who was advocating for appeasment and why?
A
Neville Chamberlain as it kept him and his country safe in his eyes
25
Who was against appeasment and why?
Winston Churchill- as he saw it as an act of surrender and believed it only gave Hitler more power.
Josaih Wedgwood- as he believed it only brought war closer.
26
Appeasment?
Giving in to someone’s demands in order to keep the peace
27
The 3 reasons why by 1918 the military situation in Germany was desperate?
1. The Allies blockade of the German ports had starved the economy of raw materials and the population (including soldiers) of food.
2. Since their entry to the war in 1917 the USA had sent tanks and heavy guns to France
3. The US were also moving troops to Europe at a rate of 50,000 per month
28
What are the 4 reasons why the German army was not the quality fighting machine it had once been?
1. The size of the the army was rapidly falling and they had no reserves to call on
2. Though they had a few successes in 1918 ultimately the army was poorly disciplined and badly fed and supplied.
3. Many of
the planned German advances were held up as troops stopped to loot food and supplies from
captured trenches or villages.
4. They also came up against well-led and well-equipped Allied forces.
29
What were the events causing Germany to Surrender ?
1. By November 1918, Germany’s allies were surrendering.
2. In the northern ports German sailors
mutinied.
3. In Berlin, crowds marched through the streets in protest
4. Realising that there was no
hope of winning the war, German army generals and politicians pressured the kaiser to abdicate.
30
Kaiser
the Emperor
of Germany
31
Abdicate
stand down
32
Armistice
The peace agreement signed on the 11th of November 1918 to end WW1
33
What were the reactions to the armistice/war ending?
Those signing the agreement were later accused of
stabbing Germany in the back. They had no choice, but the army generals did not necessarily
view it in this way.
Across Europe, in both victorious and defeated nations, there was relief that the fighting was over.
In Britain and France, there was naturally much rejoicing. Discussions then started in January 1919
in Paris about a detailed peace settlement.
34
What was the impact of the Great War on France?
The French were at the top of the revenge level, they had been
attacked twice by the
Germans in 50 years. Many
people in France felt
threatened by Germany, as
their land and industry had
not been as badly damaged
as France’s. They had also suffered enormous losses over its its
land, industry and
population. Over 71% of
France’s military had been
either killed or injured during the war.
35
What was the impact of the Great War on the USA
As they had only been a part of the war for just over a year their losses were minimal m all they really cared about was their own affairs and making sure Europe stayed
peaceful so it did not have to
get involved in any more wars
36
What was the impact of the Great War on the UK
The uk suffered a fair amount of loss due to the war but not as much as France, Over 41% of Britain’s military
had been either killed or
injured during the war.
Before the war, Germany had
been Britain’s second largest
trading partner. Many
politicians were keen on
resuming these trading links.
Britain wanted to protect the
British Empire from any
threats.
The British public sought
revenge on Germany
37
Where was the peace conference held?
Paris
38
Peace conference?
39
What did the peace conference entail
Opened on 18th January 1919, meetings
were held at various locations in and around Paris until 20th January 1920. Leaders of 32 states
representing about 75% of the world's population, attended. However, negotiations were
dominated by the five major powers responsible for defeating the Central Powers: the United States,
Britain, France, Italy and Japan.
40
Who were the “big three”
Georges Clemenceau, of France
Woodrow Wilson, of the USA
David Lloyd Geor, of the UK
41
What were Clemenceau’s main aims?
He wanted revenge, and to
punish the Germans for what
they had done.
He wanted to make
Germany pay for the
damage done during the
war.
He also wanted to weaken
Germany, so France would
never be invaded again.
42
What were Wilson’s aims?
He wanted to make the world
safe. He wanted to end war
by making a fair peace.
He said that he wanted
disarmament, and a League
of Nations (where countries
could talk out their problems,
without war).
He also promised self-
determination for the peoples
of Eastern Europe.
43
What were Lloyd George’s aims?
He said he would ‘make
Germany pay’ – because he
knew that was what the British
people wanted to hear.
He wanted ‘justice’, but he
did not want revenge. He said
that the peace must not be
harsh.
He wanted to expand the
British Empire, and maintain
British control of the seas,
44
Disarmament
e process of limiting
or removing of military
forces and/or weapons.
45
Self-determination
the idea
that nations should rule
themselves rather than
be ruled by others.
46
When was the Treaty of Versailles?
The 28 th of June 1919
47
Treaty of Versailles?
48
Who was not allowed to go to the peace talks and what did they refer to the treaty as?
Germany/ a diktat
49
Diktat?
Dictated peace.
50
What were the overall aims at Versailles?
To punish Germany, to prevent them from attacking France again by weakening them, giving the winning countries compensation to rebuild.
51
What were the Germans told if they did not sign the treaty
That the allies would resume the war if they did not sign, so then shortly the Germans sent a telegram confirming that a number of German politicians would arrive shortly to
sign the treaty.
52
What were the territorial terms of the Treaty?
-Germany to lose 10% of its land, including Alsace Lorraine to France
-Germany was split to allow the polish corridor to be created to allow Poland access to the sea
- The Rhineland was to be demilitarised( still remain a part of Germany but Germany were not allowed to put army of defences in the area
-Germany and Austria were not allowed to join together in a union (Anschluss)
-Germany lost all her colonies
53
What were the Military terms of the Treaty?
-The German army was reduced to 100,000 men
-The German army was not allowed tanks
- Germany was not allowed an air force
-The German navy was limited to 6 warships and no submarine
-The Rhineland was demilitarised
54
What were the Financial terms of the Treaty?
-Germany had to pay 6.6 billion in reparations
-Germany lost coal mines and iron works as the Sarr region was put under the control of the League
of Nations for 15 years.
55
What was Article 231?
The war guilt clause, which stated that alone Germany accepted full blame for the cause of the war.
56
Anschluss
The union between Germany + Austria
57
Reparations
58
What was Frances reaction to the Treaty?
They fully supported the treaty and believed Germany deserved what they got,, they felt threatened by Germany, which led to a dispute between them and France, Many of the french looked at the cost of the war and believed they suffered far more than Germany
59
What was Germany’s reaction to the Treaty?
They complained that every aspect of it was too harsh, a diktat, Hitler used the treaty to his advantage and stated that he would get rid of the treaty I’d he came to power, would become the short term aims of his Foreign policy.
60
What was Britain’s reaction to the Treaty?
Initially the British felt that it was fair, but it quickly changed. They soon found it unfair towards Germany, this was know as Versailles guilt and was one of the reasons why no action was taken against Hitler in the 1930’s.
61
What happened in Germany after the Treaty of Versailles?
Attacks from communists
Attacks from right
Occupation of the Ruhr
Hyperinflation 1923
Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch 1923
62
ToV reaction: Attacks from communists?
The communist Spartacist uprising in January 1919 was deafeted by the German government
63
Tov reaction- Attacks from the right?
During the Kapp Putsch, March 1920, right-wing nationalists seized power in Berlin.
The German government called on workers to strike and many did, so the Kapp
Putsch failed.
64
ToV Reactions: Occupation of the Ruhr?
French troops occupied the Ruhr in January 1923 when Germany failed to pay
reparations. German workers wrecked equipment in retaliation.
65
ToV reactions: Hyperinflation-1923?
The government printed money to pay reparations, wages and so on, which meant
that money quickly became worthless. Living conditions declined as taxes were
increased.
66
ToV reactions: Hitlers Beer Hall Putsch?
As the leader of the NAZI party, Hitler unsuccessfully attempted to launch a revolution in
Munich. His trial received mass media coverage, and he was imprisoned a year later.
67
What was the League of Nations?
The most ambitious attempt that had ever been made to create a global peace order after WW1
68
What were the 4 main aims of the league?
National Self-Determination
Disarmament
Open Disscussion
Collective Security
69
Self Determination?
Instead of competing monarchical empires, the idea that countries rule themselves free from outside interference
70
Open discussion?
Instead of secret diplomacy’s , issues would be voiced and resolved openly.
71
Collective security?
Instead of military alliances, replaced by collective guarantees of security, that if one country is invaded all others will come to their aid
72
Disarmament? The
Preventing countries from building up their army, and being war ready was collectively agreed upon.
73
What was the structure of the League of Nations?
Council
Assembly
Secretariat
Int. Court of Justice
74
Council
A committee that took
major decisions. Was
made up of permanent
members such as
Britain, France, Italy & Japan
75
Assembly
Met once a year. All
members of the LoN
had one vote here.
76
Secretariat
Kept records,
prepared report
and carried out
decision taken by
the Council.
77
Int. Cpurt of Justice
Acted as a judge in
the case of
international
disputes.
78
Who was in the League of Nations?
The League of Nations started with 42 members. These were all countries that had fought for or
supported the Allies in the Great War
79
Who was the vital country that did NOT join the League of Nations? And why was this an issue
The USA, Woodrow Wilson was key in its foundation. The US was the most powerful and wealthy
nation in the world during the 1920s, But they did did not want to be involved in European disputes.
80
Who initially was barred from joining the LoN?
defeated countries were not
allowed to join, although Germany was admitted in 1926. Russia were also not let in until 1934 due to
a European-wide fear of Communism.
81
What were the powers in the league?
a three step policy against aggressors, moral sanctions, economic sanctions, military , sanctions
82
Moral sanctions?
The Council of the League
could, in an international dispute, decide who
was in the wrong and could cut
communications with the aggressor
83
Economic sanctions
The League could tell
member states not to trade with the
aggressor.
84
Military sanctions
The Council could instruct
its members to provide troops to fight against
the aggressor.
85
What did the league not have, which was in fact a crucial flaw?
A standing army
86
When was the Manchurian Crisis?
1931-1933
87
Why did Japan NEED to invade Manchuria?
-The Great Depression in the 1920s
-By 1932, silk was worth 1/5th of what it had
been during the 1920s.
-Production and employment had fallen 30%
in 1931.
-They we’re facing a political crisis due to the threat of neo-fascist nationalism.
88
Why did Japan WANT to invade Manchuria (why was it ideal to invade?)
As it was seen as an important industrial area and other
nations, including Japan, had factories there.
89
How did Japan invade Manchuria?
The Japanese government which dominated the government wanted to invade Manchuria but needed an excuse to do so.On the 18th of September there was an explosion on the Japanese-
owned South Manchurian Railway.
90
What happened on the 18th of September 1931?
there was an explosion on the Japanese-
owned South Manchurian Railway.
91
What was the reaction to the explosion?
e Japanese blamed the Chinese for the attack, even though
they had set off the explosion themselves. The Chinese, understandably, denied any involvement.
The Kwantung army invaded Manchuria in ‘retaliation’. The Japanese government wasn’t happy,
but the invasion was popular with the people
92
What was Manchuria renamed, and who ruled it?
Manchukuo, and the
Japanese put a former Chinese emperor, Pu Yi, in charge as a puppet ruler
93
How did the league react to the Manchurian Crisis?
The League sent Lord Lytton to Manchuria, but the journey
was long, it took a significant amount of time for the officials to arrive. It was therefore, only in
1932 that the League was able to publish the Lytton report into the situation in Manchuria. The
report itself was detailed and declared that Japan was in the wrong and the league imposed
moral condemnation.
94
How did China react to being invaded?
They appealed directly to the League of Nations for support in the matter, as part of their
territory had been invaded by Japan.
95
How did Japan react to the league?
Japan ignored the judgement and left the League of Nations in 1933
96
Why were economic sanctions no use to punish Japan and what was the effect of losing Japan from the LoN?
The removal of Japan was
a major blow to the League. the biggest trading partner was the United States,
who were not in the League.
97
What happened every time the league came close to a decision?
it would be averted
as the members did not want a war to happen.
98
When did Japan begin the full scale invasion of China
1937
99
When was the Abyssinian Crisis?
1934-1936
100
What about Abbysina’s location made it a target for Italy?
It was an independent country, but
surrounded by British, Italian and
French colonies. It was renowned for its
fertile land and good natural resource,
unlike Italy
101
Who was the emperor of abysssinia at the time of the crisis?
Emperor Haille Selassie I
102
What happened in 1896?
Italy previously invaded Abyssinia
103
Who ruled Italy and when did he come to powe
Benito Mussolini, 1922
104
What did Mussolini need by the mid 1930s?
some military
victories to prove Italy's greatness and
increase its empire.
105
What happened in December 1934
Mussolini amassed troops on the Abyssinian
border which sparked violence with the
Abyssinian army.
106
What happened in January 1935? AC
Haile Selassie asked the League to arbitrate.
The League imposes limited sanctions on Italy
107
What happened in October 1935?!AC
The LoN imposes moral condemnations on
Italy. Mussolini ignores this and Italy invades
Abyssinia. Troops use poison gas and attack
Red Cross Hospitals.
108
What happened in December 1935? AC
News leaks about the secret Hoare-Laval Pact
between Britain and France. The nations
planned to give Italy the provinces of Tigre
and Ogaden to Abyssinia. Italy to also get
economic rights in southern Abyssinia.
109
What happened in May 1936? AC
110
When did Italy leave the LoN
December 1937
111
What did the Abyssinian Crisis mean for the league?
The League’s credibility was harmed.
This war suggested that the ideals of peace
and collective security, upon which the
League had been founded, were now
abandoned.
112
What did the league fail to do? AC
Failed sanctions.
The League of Nations failed to close the Suez
Canal to Italian shipping and the navy.
The League imposed economic sanctions but
failed to include coal and oil sanctions on
Italy. Mussolini said oil sanctions would have
stopped the Italian war effort.
113
What was the Hoare-Laval pact?
A secret agreement between France and Britian to allow Italy to invade Abyssinia
114
What did the Hoare laval pact say about the league?
Britain and France demonstrated their lack of
trust in the League’s ability to handle the crisis.
The two dominant countries were anxious
about the balance of power in Europe and
did not want to offend Mussolini.
115
What did Italy leaving show
Once again, the League had demonstrated
an inability to manage aggressors.
116
What did the league do in 1921 (success)
The League of Nations settled dispute between Sweden and Finland over
the Aaland Islands. These islands are nearly equally distant between
Finland and Sweden. They had traditionally belonged to Finland but most
of the islanders wanted to be governed by Sweden. Neither Sweden nor
Finland could come to a decision as to who owned the islands and in
1921 they asked the League to adjudicate. The League’s decision was
that they should remain with Finland but that no weapons should ever be
kept there. Both countries accepted the decision and it remains in force
to this day.
117
What did the league do in 1925?
In 1925, the League helped to resolve a dispute between Greece and
Bulgaria. Both these nations have a common border. In 1925, soldiers
patrolling this border fired on one another and a Greek soldier was killed.
The Greek army invaded Bulgaria as a result. The Bulgarians asked the
League for help and the League ordered both armies to stop fighting and
that the Greeks should pull out of Bulgaria. The League then sent experts
to the area and decided that Greece was to blame and fined her
£45,000. Both nations accepted the decision.
118
What did the league do in 1920?
The League of nations
took home 500,000
prisoners of war from
WWI.
119
What did the league do in 1926
The League of Nations
approved the slavery
convention – altogether,
the League freed
200,000 slaves.
120
What did the league do in 1920?
In accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, the Free City
of Danzig was established by the League of Nations.
121
What did the league do in 1923?
The League of Nations saved Austria from economic
collapse through providing the government with financial
experts and a large loan.
122
What is foreign policy?
A term used to define how one country plans to interact and deal with foreign countries
123
What does Hitler’s foreign policy refer to?
The way Hitler dealt with other countries and how he made Germany stronger
How his actions and policies fitted in to an overriding plan which had exact targets
124
When did Versailles discussions start?
January 1919
125
What is disarmament?
the process of giving up or reducing the size and equipment of the military of a
country.
126
To what extent had Germany been disarmed by the ToV
• The German army was reduced to 100,000 men.
• The German army was not allowed to have tanks.
• Germany was to have no air force.
• The German navy was only allowed 6 warships and no submarines.
• The Rhineland was to be demilitarised.
127
Describe the Lornaco pact
took place during 1925
a series of agreements signed by Germany, France, Belgium and Italy
In Lornaco, Switzerland
128
What was agreed at the Lornaco pact
Germany freely agreed to never again change their Western borders
But France and Britain failed to guarantee this
Germany promised not to send troops in ti the Rhineland
Germany also promised to refer any future disputes to the permanent court of international justice
129
What was the impact of the Locarno Pact
Improved relations between European countries up until 1939
Reinforced when Germany joined the Lon in 1926
130
Describe the Kellogg- Briand Pact
Formed in 1928
Between 62 countries, including Germany as an equal partner
orchestrated by the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand and the US Secretary of State Frank B Kellogg. Hence its name
131
What was agreed during the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Overall aim was for countries to agree not to use war as a way to end international disputes
Crucially was attended by the us, following principles of national self determination and not members of the lon but still wanted to help create and secure peace
132
What was the Impact of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Showed Germany were now being viewed as a serious power tht had respect and trust under their belt
But was ineffective as did not cover the idea of what to do when and if a country id attacked
133
What is rearmament?
Means building up the number of weapons within a country
