Apoptosis Review Flashcards
Apoptosis nucleus morphologic changes:
- Chromatin Condensation.
- Nuclear Fragmentation.
- DNA Laddering.
Apoptosis cell membrane morphologic changes:
blebbing
Apoptosis cytoplasm morphologic changes:
Formation of apoptotic bodies.
Apoptosis biochemical features:
caspase-dependent
Apoptosis physiologic features:
- Affects single cells.
- No inflammatory response.
Autophagy nucleus morphologic changes:
- Partial Chromatin Condensation.
- No DNA Laddering.
Autophagy cell membrane morphologic changes:
Blebbing
Autophagy cytoplasm morphologic changes:
Increased number of autophagic vesicles.
Autophagy biochemical features:
- Increased lysosomal activity.
- No caspases.
Autophagy physiologic features:
- Inflammatory response
Necrosis nucleus morphologic changes:
- Clumping and random degradation of nuclear DNA
Necrosis cell membrane morphologic changes:
- Swelling
- Rupture
Necrosis cytoplasm morphologic changes:
- Increased vacuolation
- Organelle degeneration
- Flattening
- Increased granularity
Necrosis biochemical features:
- Loss of regulation of ion homeostasis.
Necrosis physiologic features:
- Affects groups of cells.
- Significant inflammatory response.
What is this an image of?
Normal cell.
What is this an image of?
Autophagy
What is this an image of?
Apoptosis
What is this an image of?
Necrosis
What # caspases are the initiator (apical) caspases?
caspases 2, 8, 9, and 10
- give the order for cell death
What # caspases are the effector (executioner) caspases?
caspases 3, 6, and 7
Steps in DNA-damage to apoptosis:
- p53 senses DNA damage.
- BH3 sensors BID/BAD/PUMA activated.
- BAX and BAK of BCL2 family activated.
- BAX and BAK compromise integrity of mitochondrial wall. Cytochrome C leaks out.
- Cytochrome C interacts with APAF1 to form the apoptosome.
- Apoptosome activates intiator caspase 9.
- Initiator caspases activate effector caspases 3, 6, and 7.
- Apoptosis occurs.
What proteins in the BCL2 superfamily are anti-apoptotic and maintain integrity of the mitochonrial membrane?
BCL2, BCL-XL, MCL1
- bind to mitochondrial membrane
- no leakage of cytochrome C
What proteins in the BCL2 superfamily are pro-apoptotic and compromise integrity of the mitochonrial membrane?
BAX and BAK
