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Cancer > apoptosis 10th oct > Flashcards

apoptosis 10th oct Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of cell deaths that can occur

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Autophagy

Ferroptosis

Oncosis

Necroptosis

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2
Q

What is apoptosis

A

A mode of programmed cell death that occurs physiological conditions and the cells actively participated

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3
Q

What is cell necrosis

A

pathological cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to a physical or chemical insult

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4
Q

What is the key characteristics of cell necrosis

A

It is passive

It is pathological

Swelling and lysis occurs

Inflammation

Dissipates

Externally induced

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5
Q

What is the key characteristics of cell apoptosis

A

It is an active process

it is can be physiological or pathological

condensing and cross-linking occurs

the cells are phagocytosed

No inflammation occur

Internally or externally induced

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6
Q

What is the key characteristics of mitotic catastrophe

A

It is a passive process

It is pathological

Swelling and lysis occurs

the cells dissipates

Inflammation occurs

It is internally induced

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7
Q

Why do cells undergo apoptosis

A

For normal development
>Reabsorb tadpole tails during

To remove unwanted cells
>Infected with a virus
>Cells with DNA damage
>Cancer cells

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8
Q

What diseases can occur when there is inadequate apoptosis

A

Hyperplasia
>Cancer
>Autoimmune diseases
>restenosis
>Frequent infections

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9
Q

What occurs in extreme apoptosis

A

Tissue atrophy
>Neurodegenerative disease
>Cardiovascular diseases
>Haematologic diseases
>Other disorders

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10
Q

What are the steps of the intrinsic pathway

A

Cytochrome C —–> Caspases ——> Cell death

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11
Q

What are the steps of the extrinsic pathway

A

Death receptors —–> Caspases ——> Cell death

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12
Q

What signals are required for adequate elimination of apoptotic cells

A

Secreted ‘find me’

Exposed ‘eat-me’

Lacking ‘Don’t eat me’

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13
Q

What are the steps of ‘Eat-me’

A

Step 1: Tethering
Step 2: Tickling

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14
Q

What does (step 1) tethering involve

A

(phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) receptor) Tim4 on macrophages, tightly binds PtdSer on the apoptotic cell.

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15
Q

What does (step 2) tickling involve

A

Soluble proteins such as protein (S/Gas6 or MFG-E8 )bind PtdSer on apoptotic cells and activate their receptors(MerTK or Integrin) on phagocytes

leading to Rac1 activation and actin polymerization.

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16
Q

What are death receptors

A

The are member of the tumour necrosis factors (TNF) receptor superfamily

17
Q

What does the death domain on the death receptors do

A

help transmit death signals for the cell’s surface to the intracellular signalling pathway

18
Q

Explain the extrinsic pathway in detail

A

Trimeric TNFa binds to TNFR1.

Recruits Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and TRADD to TNFR1

Caspase-8 recruited to FADD which leads to the formation of death inducing signalling complex (DISC)

This activates Caspase 8 leading to apoptosis by activation caspases 3

19
Q

What does Caspases stand for

A

Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteases

20
Q

How many types of Caspases are there

A

14 different types

21
Q

What are Caspases synthesised from

A

Inactive proenzymes called zymogens

22
Q

How do inactive procaspases become active

A

Two of the procaspases are cleaved at two location then join together at the small subunit sections.

23
Q

What are the steps of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis

A

The process is activated stress

Lead to BAX and BAK inducing permeability in the mitochondria membrane

Multiple effector, SMAC and cytochrome C are released form the membrane pore to the intermembrane space

SMAC inhibits, inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP)

Cytochrome C activates Caspase 9

24
Q

What prevents BAK or BAD from making increasing mitochondria permeability

A

Low levels of BH3

25
Q

What are the characteristics of group 1 typical anti-psychotics

A

They are pronounced sedatives

Moderate antimuscarinic

Extrapyramidal side effects

26
Q

What are the characteristics of group 2 typical anti-psychotics

A

Moderate sedatives

Fewer extra pyramidal side effects than group 1 or 3

27
Q

What are the characteristics of group 3 typical anti-psychotics

A

Fewer sedative or anti- muscarinic side effects

More pronounced side effects than group 1 and 2

Cancer (18 decks)

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